This presentation by Mindy McAdams serves as an introduction to major themes and approaches to research about journalism work and journalism products in the 21st century. It centers on five chapters in the 2008 book "Global Journalism Research" (Loffelholz & Weaver, Eds.) and adds five examples of published journal articles to demonstrate the range of research topics in journalism studies today. It also touches briefly on the work of Peter Berglez (about "global journalism" as a news style). For more about Berglez and the practices of international news reporting, SEE ALSO http://www.slideshare.net/macloo/global-journalism/ (this presents a comparison of 3 differing concepts of "global journalism").

1. Introduction
a nd
E xamples

2. Peter
Berglez:
Global
Journalism
Global
Journalism
Research
M.
Loffelholz
&
D.
H.
Weaver,
editors

3. 1. A
style
of
reporting
and
analyzing
news
events
(and
issues)
with
a
global
context
2. People:
Comparing
journalists
around
the
world;
studies
of
how
journalists
do
their
jobs
3. Reporting
from
or
about
other
countries:
a. International
news
reporting
b. Differences
in
news
coverage

4. 1. A
style
of
reporting
and
analyzing
news
events
(and
issues)
with
a
global
context
2. People:
Comparing
journalists
around
the
world;
studies
of
how
journalists
do
their
jobs
3. Reporting
from
or
about
other
countries:
a. International
news
reporting
b. Differences
in
news
coverage
Research
can
take
any
one
of
these
as
its
focus.

5. Peter
Berglez
says
global
journalism
is
“an
emerging
news
style.”
Berglez
is
a
Swedish
researcher
in
communications,
and
an
associate
professor
at
Örebro
University,
Sweden.
Peter
Berglez

6. — Berglez,
P.
(2008).
What
is
global
journalism?
Journalism
Studies,
9(6),
845–858.

7. — Choose
a
news
topic,
such
as
climate
change,
or
deforestation
— Compare
and
analyze
news
coverage
about
that
topic
from
many
different
sources
— Content
analysis:
Look
for
the
elements
(identified
by
Berglez)
that
indicate
the
global
Peter
Berglez
style

8. — Loss
of
rainforests
— Palm
oil
plantations
(perkebunan
kelapa
sawit)
— Orang-­‐utan
habitats
— Migrant
workers
(workers
from
Indonesia,
working
in
other
countries)
— Human
rights
(especially
in
Papua;
and
also,
attacks
on
religious
freedom
in
all
provinces)

9. Berglez’s
“global
issues”
and
content
analysis
of
news
reports
represent
only
one
possibility
for
a
research
agenda.

10. — Part
I:
Introduction
to
Journalism
Research
— Part
II:
Theories
of
Journalism
Research
— Part
III:
Methodology
and
Methods
of
Journalism
Research
— Part
IV:
Selected
Paradigms
and
Findings
of
Journalism
Research
— Part
V:
The
Future
of
Published
2008.
M.
Loffelholz
&
Journalism
Research
D.
H.
Weaver,
editors

11. The
book
provides
a
summary
of
research
about
journalism
from
around
the
world,
starting
from
the
1930s—but
focusing
on
what’s
new.
It
explains
trends
in
journalism
research
and
suggests
new
paths
for
the
future.
Published
2008.
M.
Loffelholz
&
D.
H.
Weaver,
editors

12. Published
2008.
M.
Loffelholz
&
Peter
Berglez
D.
H.
Weaver,
editors

13. — Many
OLD
studies
are
focused
on
the
audience
and
“media
effects”
— OLD
studies
about
journalists
and
newsrooms
often
were
anecdotal
—
NOT
empirical
— Today,
the
production
of
news
and
news
products
has
become
a
NEW
focus
of
study
— Comparisons
among
and
between
different
countries:
Also
well
received
(also
NEW)
— Empirical
methods
dominate:
content
analysis,
surveys,
and
systematic
observation

14. 5
Five
theoretical
approaches
to
research
about
journalism

16. “Efforts
to
differentiate
between
journalism,
public
relations,
advertising
and
propaganda
…
are
all
rather
new.
But
all
these
persuasive
systems
can
be
analyzed
on
three
social
levels”:
— Organizations
— Markets
(Economies)
— Society
—Rühl,
p.
32,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

17. “In
this
view,
journalism
is
always
dependent
on
a
broader
societal
system,
which
can
be
socio-­‐historically
identified.”
—Loffelholz,
p.
20,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

18. “In
this
view,
journalism
is
always
dependent
on
a
broader
societal
system,
which
can
be
socio-­‐historically
identified.”
—Loffelholz,
p.
20,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)
This
is
different
from
an
older
style
of
journalism
research
that
focused
on
the
individual,
e.g.
a
reporter
or
an
editor
(for
example,
White’s
1950
study
about
“Mr.
Gates”),
or
one
media
organization.

19. Characteristics
of
a
systems
approach:
— Analysis
of
different
spheres,
contexts
or
problems
(not
individual
“subjects”).
— Identification
of
different
(separate)
systems
that
influence
or
affect
each
other
(e.g.,
the
national
political
system,
and
the
national
print
media
or
newspaper
system).
— Identification
of
boundaries
between
systems.
—Görke
&
Scholl,
2006,
pp.
645–646

20. “In
general,
systems
solve
specific
problems
within
and
for
societies.
That
is
what
we
call
the
function
of
a
specific
social
system.”
(my
italics)
“Modern
society
organizes
itself
by
delegating
different
functions
to
specialized
societal
systems
in
order
to
cope
with
societal
problems
…”
—Görke
&
Scholl,
2006,
pp.
646–647

21. Although
Rühl
does
not
mention
it
in
his
chapter,
the
field
theory
of
Pierre
Bourdieu
has
much
in
common
with
the
theory
of
social
systems
that
Rühl
discusses—which
is
based
on
the
work
of
Niklas
Luhmann
(who,
like
Rühl,
is
German).
However,
systems
theory
is
not
the
basis
for
Bourdieu,
whose
work
is
characterized
by
struggle
(between
and
within
fields)
and
the
“polarity”
of
a
field
(autonomy
vs.
outside,
or
heteronomous,
forces).
—Rühl,
pp.
28–38,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

22. — Mabweazara,
H.
M.
(2011).
Newsmaking
practices
and
professionalism
in
the
Zimbabwean
press.
Journalism
Studies,
5(1),
100–117.
EXAMPLE

23. — Ethnographic
approach:
In-­‐depth
semi-­‐structured
interviews
40
journalists
— More
than
— From
6
Zimbabwe
newspapers
(2
dailies,
4
weeklies;
in
2
cities)
— Theory
section
refers
to
“sociology
of
news”
tradition
(e.g.,
Schudson)
as
well
as
Tuchman,
Zelizer,
etc.
— Findings
and
conclusion
include
references
to
social
systems
EXAMPLE
—Mabweazara,
2011,
pp.
102,
103

24. Example
from
findings:
“The
sourcing
routines
are
entrenched
in
the
dynamics
of
the
political
context
as
journalists
selectively
refer
only
to
those
sources
that
consolidate
their
newsrooms’
political
positioning.
The
processes
of
sourcing
stories
in
the
newsrooms
…
also
involves
carefully
selecting
and
cultivating
new
sources
whose
political
orientation
rubber
stamp
the
newspapers’
editorial
slants.”
EXAMPLE
—Mabweazara,
2011,
p.
108

25. Example
from
conclusions:
“[N]ewsmaking
practices
and
professional
cultures
in
Zimbabwe
can
be
seen
as
shaped
by
a
combination
of
factors
that
include
internal
organisational
and
occupational
demands,
as
well
as
the
wider
socio-­‐
political
and
economic
factors.
…
the
Anglo-­‐American
model
of
journalism
does
not
fit
the
rest
of
the
world.
In
particular,
the
Zimbabwean
case
shows
how
the
generic
Anglo-­‐American
ideals
of
journalism
tend
to
blind
researchers
to
actual
situations
in
various
contexts
of
journalism
practice.”
EXAMPLE
—Mabweazara,
2011,
p.
114

26. Classic
readings
include:
— Adorno,
The
Culture
Industry
— Durkheim,
The
Division
of
Labor
in
Society
— Weber,
Economy
and
Society
— Wiener,
Cybernetics
Helpful
(and
short):
— Görke,
A.,
&
Scholl,
A.
(2006).
Niklas
Luhmann’s
theory
of
social
systems
and
journalism
research.
Journalism
Studies,
7(4),
644–655.

28. — Critical
theory,
not
quantitative
— Focus
on
readers,
viewers,
audiences
— Intersection
of
politics,
economics
and
culture
— Production
and
circulation
of
meaning
— Message
senders
(corporate
“big
media”)
and
message
receivers;
encoding/decoding
(Hall,
1973)
— The
ideological
practices
of
journalism
(not
the
professional
practices)
—Hartley,
pp.
39–41,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

29. “If
‘everyone
is
a
journalist’
…”
(because
of
the
Internet
and
social
media),
researchers
have
a
whole
new
arena
to
explore.
“For
the
consumer
(reading
public)
is
transformed
into
the
producer
(journalist).”
—Hartley,
p.
42,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)
(Italics
in
the
original.)

30. A
cultural
studies
approach
to
journalism
research
will
focus
on
how
the
consumers
of
journalism
make
meaning
from
the
products
of
journalism.
Such
research
will
also
examine
a
broader
definition
of
“journalism,”
exterior
to
the
professional
and
corporate
practices
and
products,
and
pay
attention
to
producers
who
would
not
have
been
called
“journalists”
in
the
past.
—Hartley,
pp.
44–45,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

31. “Seeing
journalism
as
culture
thus
opens
journalism’s
definition
to
activities
that
go
under
the
radar
of
conventional
views
of
what
journalism
does.
Under
consideration
here
are
alternative
venues
like
the
Internet
and
camera
phones,
opinion-­‐driven
formats
like
cartoons
and
citizens’
views,
and
forums
situated
explicitly
on
journalism’s
margins
like
the
satirical
comedy
show
and
reality
television”
(Zelizer,
2008,
p.
88).
Zelizer,
B.
(2008).
How
communication,
culture,
and
critique
intersect
in
the
study
of
journalism.
Communication,
Culture
&
Critique,
1(1),
86–91.

32. — Sanderson,
J.
(2010).
“The
nation
stands
behind
you”:
Mobilizing
social
support
on
38pitches.com.
Communication
Quarterly,
58(2),
188–206.
EXAMPLE

33. — “[T]he
Internet
and
the
accessibility
of
its
computer-­‐
mediated
communication
(CMC)
channels
afford
professional
athletes
the
capability
to
bypass
sports
journalists
and
communicate
messages
directly
to
fans
…”
(p.
189)
— “This
article
presents
an
interpretive
analysis
of
blog
readers’
comments
in
response
to
two
entries
posted
by
Boston
Red
Sox
pitcher,
Curt
Schilling,
on
his
blog
…
which
described
two
problematic
incidents
he
faced
…”
(p.
189)
— “Schilling
seems
to
use
his
blog
to
reinforce
his
identity
as
an
active
sports
media
participant
and
as
a
sports
journalist
critic”
(p.
192).
EXAMPLE
—Sanderson,
2010

34. As
a
specific
case
study,
Sanderson’s
(2010)
article
does
not
follow
a
typical
cultural
studies
approach.
However,
Sanderson
does
explore
the
idea
that
a
sports
star
can
be
both
an
active
participant
in
professional
sport
and
also
“a
journalist”
and
media
critic,
using
his
own
blog.
Research
method:
Case
study.
“An
interpretive,
thematic
analysis
was
conducted
of
1,337
blog
postings”
[comments]
that
appeared
on
two
blog
entries
written
by
Curt
Schilling
on
38pitches.com.
The
author
identified
two
significant
themes
in
the
blog
readers’
responses
to
Schilling
(identity
validation
and
collective
significance).
EXAMPLE

35. “If
blog
readers
legitimize
professional
athletes
taking
their
grievances
directly
to
blogs,
both
sports
organizations
and
mass
media
outlets
may
increasingly
be
circumvented.
Professional
athletes
then
become
empowered
and
bypass
traditional
reporting
channels
and,
through
support
networks
that
emerge
on
their
blogs,
gain
a
sympathetic
audience.”
—Sanderson,
2010,
p.
201
EXAMPLE

36. Recommended
reading:
— Bruns,
A.
(2005).
Gatewatching:
Collaborative
Online
News
Production
— Durham
and
Kellner,
Eds.
(2006).
Media
and
Cultural
Studies:
Keyworks
(Revised
Edition)
— Jenkins,
H.
(2006).
Convergence
Culture:
Where
Old
and
New
Media
Collide
— Zelizer,
B.
(2008).
How
communication,
culture,
and
critique
intersect
in
the
study
of
journalism.
Communication,
Culture
&
Critique,
1(1),
86–91.

38. — The
newsroom
is
an
organizational
structure,
operating
inside
the
larger
media
organization.
— Structures
(including
work
practices)
in
the
organization
constrain
what
reporters
can
and
cannot
do.
“These
structures
affect
the
way
news
is
produced
because
they
influence
what
journalists
report,
what
news
an
editor
writes,
and
also
the
decisions
about
what
should
be
published.”
—Altmeppen,
p.
55,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

39. Organizational
studies
can:
— Compare
work
in
different
news
organizations
— Identify
and
analyze
the
division
of
labor
in
a
newsroom
— Identify
and
analyze
chain-­‐of-­‐command
— Analyze
interactions
between
departments,
e.g.,
between
the
advertising
staff
and
the
newsroom
—Altmeppen,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

40. “In
nearly
all
cases
of
organizational
research
on
journalism,
researchers
attempt
comparisons.”
Most
current
research
focuses
on
“the
causes
and
consequences
of
structural
change
induced
through
new
requirements
for
the
newsroom,
such
as
marketing
orientation,
and
being
more
conscious
of
the
needs
of
audiences.”
—Altmeppen,
pp.
59,
60,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

41. — Reich,
Z.
(2011).
Comparing
reporters’
work
across
print,
radio,
and
online.
Journalism
&
Mass
Communication
Quarterly,
88(2),
285–300.
EXAMPLE

42. “This
paper
seeks
to
help
resolve
the
scholarly
dispute
regarding
distinctiveness
of
reporting
patterns
across
media
by
studying
how
reporters
actually
obtain
their
news
information.”
—Reich,
2011,
p.
286
EXAMPLE

43. “This
paper
seeks
to
help
resolve
the
scholarly
dispute
regarding
distinctiveness
of
reporting
patterns
across
media
by
studying
how
reporters
actually
obtain
their
news
information.”
—Reich,
2011,
p.
286
To
do
so,
Reich
interviewed
reporters
at
3
daily
newspapers,
3
radio
stations,
and
3
websites,
all
in
Israel
(where
Reich
is
a
university
professor).
EXAMPLE

44. 3
daily
newspapers,
3
radio
stations,
and
3
websites:
Total
number
of
reporters
interviewed:
80
4
Research
Questions
Do
print,
radio,
and
online
reporters:
— Invest
similar
effort
to
obtain
raw
news
information?
— Maintain
similar
source
relations?
— Treat
their
sources
with
similar
levels
of
skepticism?
— Maintain
a
similar
newswork
structure?
EXAMPLE
—Reich,
2011,
pp.
288–289

45. Findings:
— Print
reporters
“do
not
use
substantially
more
sources
per
item,
more
legwork,
more
initiative,
or
more
cross-­‐checking;
they
do
…
rely
more
on
leaks
and
less
on
PR
contributions
[than
the
radio
and
online
reporters].”
— “[D]ifferences
among
media
during
the
early
stages
of
news
reporting
were
found
to
be
minor
…”
— “These
findings
suggest
that
the
studied
media
are
not
unique
factories
of
news,
but
rather
unique
packing
and
distribution
houses
of
similarly
obtained
raw
materials.”
EXAMPLE
—Reich,
2011,
pp.
294–296

46. Recommended
reading:
— Boczkowski,
P.
J.
(2004).
Digitizing
the
News:
Innovation
in
Online
Newspapers.
— Deuze,
M.,
Ed.
(2011).
Managing
Media
Work.
— Gans,
H.
J.
(1979).
Deciding
What’s
News:
A
Study
of
CBS
Evening
News,
NBC
Nightly
News,
Newsweek
and
Time.
— Giddens,
A.
(1984).
The
Constitution
of
Society:
Outline
of
the
Theory
of
Structuration.
— Shoemaker,
P.
J.,
&
Reese,
S.
D.
(1996).
Mediating
the
Message:
Theories
of
Influence
on
Mass
Media
Content.

48. — A
focus
on
the
mind
of
the
journalist:
How
individual’s
decisions
are
made,
value
judgments,
etc.
— Attitudes;
perceptions.
— The
theory
of
“shared
reality”:
Journalists
are
expected
to
extract
the
same
information
from
(for
example),
a
press
conference.
“Journalists
have
to
decide
what
is
true,
what
is
relevant,
and
what
is,
in
a
moral
sense,
good
or
bad.”
—Donsbach,
pp.
66–68,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

49. Journalists’
decisions
are
affected
by
their
“in-­‐group”:
Other
journalists.
As
peers,
other
journalists
“represent
professional
norms.
Therefore,
they
are,
from
the
journalist’s
point
of
view,
perceived
as
the
most
legitimate
influence
on
his
or
her
decision-­‐making.”
—Donsbach,
p.
68,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

50. Factors
affecting
a
journalist’s
daily
decision-­‐making:
— Severe
time
constraints
— Pressure
from
competition
— Absence
of
objective
criteria
(in
the
situation)
— Risk
of
public
failure
—Donsbach,
p.
66,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

51. News
ideologies
and
news
frames:
Repeated
patterns
in
news
coverage
“can,
at
least
to
a
certain
extent,
be
explained
by
journalists’
need
to
validate
their
professional
decisions
about
what
is
newsworthy:
because
similar
events
have
been
covered
before,
something
that
fits
the
pattern
will
be
covered
with
higher
priority”
later
on.
—Donsbach,
p.
69,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

52. — Besley,
J.
C.,
&
McComas,
K.
A.
(2007).
Reporting
on
fairness
in
civic
life:
Interviews
with
journalists
about
writing
on
local
political
leaders.
Journalism
Practice,
1(3),
339–355.
EXAMPLE

53. — Telephone
interviews
with
19
local
newspaper
reporters
and
5
television
reporters
(total:
24
interviews)
based
in
several
cities,
in
one
U.S.
state.
— Interviews
lasted
20
to
30
minutes.
— First
focused
on
questions
designed
to
find
out
what
the
journalists
considered
to
be
“making
a
fair
decision,”
related
to
decisions
made
by
elected
officials.
— “The
interview
then
turned
to
questions
about
…
the
main
ways
that
fairness
content
appears
in
stories—
including
the
relative
role
of
journalists’
news
judgments
and
the
use
of
sources.”
EXAMPLE
—Besley
&
McComas,
2007,
p.
343

54. Findings:
The
journalists
indicated
“that
they
would
be
more
likely
to
dig
into
a
story
if
they
personally
believed
that
unfairness
was
occurring
or
if
one
of
their
sources
made
a
convincing
argument
about
unfairness
…”
Journalists
seemed
reluctant
to
name
“fairness”
as
something
they
look
for
when
they
report
about
public
officials,
but
on
the
other
hand,
they
regarded
evidence
of
“unfairness”
as
newsworthy.
EXAMPLE
—Besley
&
McComas,
2007,
p.
345

55. Findings:
“Most
of
the
journalists
emphasized
one
or
another
of
these
dimensions
in
their
responses,
with
the
most
focus
put
on
(1)
issues
of
voice,
including
representation
of
all
sides
of
an
issue,
and
(2)
corruption
and
favoritism
…”
The
authors
based
their
questions
on
the
scholarly
literature
about
justice,
with
the
idea
that
the
public’s
perceptions
about
justice
in
their
government
are
closely
related
to
journalism’s
role
of
informing
the
people
about
their
leaders.
EXAMPLE
—Besley
&
McComas,
2007,
p.
347

56. Conclusions:
Journalists
do
use
judgments
about
fairness
when
they
decide
“to
investigate
and
report
on
political
authorities.”
“[T]he
results
…
suggest
that
journalists
are
particularly
keen
to
cover
stories
where
leaders
fail
to
live
up
to
some
defined
standard
of
behavior.
Behavior
by
leaders
to
deny
citizens
a
legitimate
voice
in
policy-­‐making
may
prove
especially
relevant
to
working
journalists.”
EXAMPLE
—Besley
&
McComas,
2007,
p.
350

57. Recommended
reading:
— Gans,
H.
J.
(1979).
Deciding
What’s
News:
A
Study
of
CBS
Evening
News,
NBC
Nightly
News,
Newsweek
and
Time.
— Lippmann,
W.
(1922).
Public
Opinion.
— Mindich,
D.T.Z.
(1998).
Just
the
Facts:
How
“Objectivity”
Came
to
Define
American
Journalism.
— Patterson,
T.
E.,
&
Donsbach,
W.
(1996).
News
decisions:
Journalists
as
partisan
actors.
Political
Communication,
13
(4),
455–468.

59. Like
the
other
approaches
discussed
here,
a
gender
approach
cuts
across
other
categories,
including
cultural
studies
and
psychology.
A
focus
on
journalism
work
and
workers:
— How
women’s
experiences
as
reporters
differ
from
men’s
(beats;
story
assignments)
— Management,
promotion,
pay
—Robinson,
pp.
79–89,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

60. In
her
chapter,
Robinson
focuses
only
on
women
in
journalism
organizations,
especially
“the
glass
ceiling.”
Another
branch
of
gender
studies
and
journalism
is
the
analysis
of
how
women
appear
in
the
products
of
journalism:
As
sources,
as
objects
of
reporting,
as
people
in
photographs.
—Robinson,
pp.
79–89,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

61. Gender
studies
are
(or
can
be)
distinct
from
feminism,
which
is
(often)
a
political
ideology.
Gender
studies
positions
gender
“as
a
primary
category
of
social
organization,
rather
than
a
secondary
add-­‐on
…
[to]
class,
education,
ethnicity,
and
religion.”
Gender
structures
identity.
—Robinson,
p.
80,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

62. Journalism
as
a
culture:
— “[J]ournalists
develop
a
special
worldview
with
unique
sets
of
ideals,
values,
and
rules.”
— “[J]ournalism
varies
from
country
to
country
and
from
one
epoch
to
another.”
Thus,
the
position
of
women
in
journalism
(both
as
workers
and
as
objects
in
news
coverage)
differs
among
places
and
among
periods
of
time.
—Robinson,
p.
81,
in
Global
Journalism
Research
(2008)

63. — Armstrong,
C.
L.,
Boyle,
M.
P.,
&
McLeod,
D.
M.
(2012).
A
global
trend:
How
news
coverage
of
protests
reinforces
gender
stereotypes.
Journalism
Studies,
13(4),
633–648.
EXAMPLE

64. Hypotheses:
— In
news
stories
about
social
protest,
mentions
of
men
will
be
more
frequent
than
mentions
of
women.
— “Female
sources
will
appear
more
frequently
when
they
are
supporting
protest
activities
than
when
they
are
opposing
protest
activities.”
(my
italics)
— “The
disparity
between
male
and
female
sources
in
news
coverage
will
increase
as
the
goals
and
tactics
of
the
protesters
become
more
deviant.”
(my
italics)
EXAMPLE
—Armstrong
et
al.,
2012,
pp.
637–638

65. “This
study
suggests
that
cross-­‐cultural
factors—mainly
societal
views
about
women
and
their
roles
in
society—may
be
particularly
relevant
for
determining
the
emphasis
placed
on
women
in
protest
news.
That
is,
in
areas
of
the
world
in
which
more
patriarchal
views
of
women
are
held,
male
sources
will
be
more
likely
than
female
sources
to
be
more
[prominent].”
EXAMPLE
—Armstrong
et
al.,
2012,
pp.
637–638

66. Method:
— Content
analysis
of
220
newspaper
stories
dealing
with
protest
events,
2007–2009.
13
newspapers
selected
to
create
the
— Total
of
sampling
frame.
— All
newspapers
in
the
English
language.
— International:
6
newspapers
from
North
America;
4
from
Asia;
3
from
Middle
East.
EXAMPLE
—Armstrong
et
al.,
2012,
pp.
639

67. Findings:
“Consistent
with
prior
research
…
men
appeared
more
frequently
than
women
as
subjects
of
stories,
as
sources
in
stories,
and
in
bylines.
Further,
the
findings
indicated
that
gender
portrayals
in
protest
coverage
differ
based
on
the
region
of
the
world
where
the
newspaper
is
located
as
well
as
the
tactics
of
the
protest
group.
…
“[W]omen
were
most
likely
to
appear
in
coverage
when
the
story
was
nonpolitical,
the
tactics
were
more
peaceful,
and
when
the
disparity
between
male
and
female
sources
was
lower.”
(my
italics)
EXAMPLE
—Armstrong
et
al.,
2012,
p.
642

68. Recommended
reading:
— Armstrong,
C.
L.
(2004).
The
influence
of
reporter
gender
on
source
selection
in
newspaper
stories.
Journalism
&
Mass
Communication
Quarterly,
81(1),
pp.
139–154.
— Carter,
Branston,
&
Allan,
Eds.
(1998).
News,
Gender,
and
Power.
— Eichler,
M.
(1980).
The
Double
Standard:
A
Feminist
Critique
of
the
Social
Sciences.
— Zelizer,
B.
(1993).
Journalists
as
interpretive
communities.
Critical
Studies
in
Mass
Communication,
10(2),
219–237.

69. Summary
— Social
systems
and
their
interactions,
e.g.,
the
journalism
system
and
the
political
system
— Cultural
studies:
Focus
on
the
audience,
the
consumers,
and
how
they
make
meaning
from
media
messages
— Organizational
studies:
Structures,
constraints,
and
structural
change
in
news
organizations
— Psychology:
How
journalists
think
about
news
values
and
decide
what
is
newsworthy
— Gender:
(1)
Women
as
newsworkers,
managers;
(2)
women
appearing
in
news
coverage

70. Mindy
M cAdams
University
o f
F lorida
mmcadams@jou.ufl.edu