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1. Article Information
Protection of power transformer using microcontroller-based relay
Rafa, A.; Mahmod, S.; Mariun, N.; Hassan, W.Z.W.; Mailah, N.F.
Research and Development, 2002. SCOReD 2002. Student Conference on
Volume , Issue , 2002 Page(s): 224 - 227
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/SCORED.2002.1033098
Summary: This paper describes the design and implementation of the micro controller-
based system for protecting power transformer. The system includes facilities for
discrimination between internal fault current and magnetizing inrush current, differential
protection, over current protection, over voltage protection and under voltage protection.
In this paper, software and hardware of micro controller based system have been
explained and designed. The design implementation and testing of the system are also
presented.
Fuzzy Logic Based Differential Relay for
Power Transformer Protection
Need
Power Transformers or any CNC Machines or any electrical devices are
always subjected to Highvoltage and low voltage transients. Many devices will
get failed due to this. Hence we need to monitor the voltage constantly and if goes
below or above the range then we need to trip the supply immedieately. One
method of protecting power transformers is to use a differential relay. The
operation Diff Relay is to trip the equipment if it finds any difference in the
primary and secondary current.

2. Two basic requirements that the differential-relay connections must satisfy are:
(1) The differential relay must not operate for load or external faults; and
(2) The relay must operate for severe enough internal faults.
This is because the diff relay can act due to the following other factors also.
In the case of power transformer applications, possible sources of false differential
currents are:
 Mismatch between the CT ratios and the power transformer ratio
 Variable ratio of the power transformer caused by a tap changer
 Phase shift between the power transformer primary and secondary currents
Magnetizing inrush currents
 Transformer overexcitation
 Current transformer saturation

3. So, There should be an intelligent Mechanism to prevent the diff relay
from fault triggering. In this project we have employed fuzzy logic to
prevent this fault triggering. Our system when detects a current difference
between the primary and the secondary it also checks for other causes using
fuzzy logic and operates the relay only when essential. The other factors which
induces the fault triggering is given to the controller through switch inputs.
About Fuzzy:
Fuzzy Logic was initiated in 1965 by lofti A. Zadeh, professor for
Computer science at the university of California in Berkeley.
Fuzzy logic is a powerful new technology and has emerged as a
profitable tool for the controlling of subway systems and complex industrial
processes, as well as for household and entertainment electronics, diagnosis
systems and other expert systems. Although, fuzzy logic was invented in
United states the rapid growth of this technology has started from Japan and
has now again reached the USA and Europe also.
Fuzzy has become a keyword for marketing. Electronic articles
without fuzzy component gradually turn out to be a dead stock. As a gag,
that shows the popularity of fuzzy logic, there even exists a toilet paper with
‘Fuzzy Logic’ Printed on it. In japan fuzzy-research is widely supported
with a huge budget. In Europe and the USA efforts are being made to catch
up with the tremendous Japanese success. For instance, the NASA space
agency is engaged in applying fuzzy logic for complex docking-maneuvers.

4. Fuzzy logic is basically a multivalued logic that allows intermediate
values to be defined between conventional evaluations like yes/no,
true/false, black/white etc. Notions like rather warm or pretty cold can be
formulated mathematically and processed by computers

5. Block Diagram:
Monitor
CPU
Mismatch between the
Rs232
Magnetizi
CT ratios and the ng inrush
power transformer currents
ratio
Variable ratio Transformer
of the power overexcitatio
PIC Microcontroller n
transformer
Phase shift between Current
the power transformer
transformer primary saturation
and secondary
currents
Relay
Driver
Full Wave Precision
Full Wave Precision
Rectifier
Rectifier
Differential
Relay
PT CT PT CT
Power Transformer
Power Line

6. Block Diagram:
Monitor
CPU
Mismatch between the
Rs232
Magnetizi
CT ratios and the ng inrush
power transformer currents
ratio
Variable ratio Transformer
of the power overexcitatio
PIC Microcontroller n
transformer
Phase shift between Current
the power transformer
transformer primary saturation
and secondary
currents
Relay
Driver
Full Wave Precision
Full Wave Precision
Rectifier
Rectifier
Differential
Relay
PT CT PT CT
Power Transformer
Power Line

7. Block Diagram:
Monitor
CPU
Mismatch between the
Rs232
Magnetizi
CT ratios and the ng inrush
power transformer currents
ratio
Variable ratio Transformer
of the power overexcitatio
PIC Microcontroller n
transformer
Phase shift between Current
the power transformer
transformer primary saturation
and secondary
currents
Relay
Driver
Full Wave Precision
Full Wave Precision
Rectifier
Rectifier
Differential
Relay
PT CT PT CT
Power Transformer
Power Line

8. Block Diagram:
Monitor
CPU
Mismatch between the
Rs232
Magnetizi
CT ratios and the ng inrush
power transformer currents
ratio
Variable ratio Transformer
of the power overexcitatio
PIC Microcontroller n
transformer
Phase shift between Current
the power transformer
transformer primary saturation
and secondary
currents
Relay
Driver
Full Wave Precision
Full Wave Precision
Rectifier
Rectifier
Differential
Relay
PT CT PT CT
Power Transformer
Power Line