1. Larisa Bresser
libro de gramática

2. Present Tense
Stem Changers
Irregulars in the “Yo”
Saber vs. Conocer
Reflexives
Dipthongs
Verbs like gustar
Irregular verbs ending in Uir/Guir, Cer/Cir, Ger/Gir
Hace + __ + que + present tense
Imperfect
Preterite Tense
Comparatives/Superlatives
Future
tabla de contenidos

3. Conditional
Por
Para
Por vs. Para
Commands
Present Perfect
Double Object Pronouns
Adverbs
Subjuctive
“Se” Impersonal
Progressives
tabla de contenidos

4. AR ER IR
YO o o o
Tú as es es
EL/ELLA/USTED a e e
NOSOTROS amos emos imos
ELLOS/ELLAS/UDS an en en
Present tense

5. E ----- IE ----- Perder ----- Ella pierde
E ----- I ----- Pedir ----- Ella pide
O ----- UE ----- Dormir ----- Ella duerme
U ----- UE ----- Jugar ----- Ella juege
Verbs stay regular in the nosotros form.
The changes occurs in the first vowel.
Stem changers

6. Verbs that change to “go”: caer, decir, oir,
poner, hacer, tener, traer, venir
Yo tengo su libro.
Verbs that change to “zco”: verbs that end in
“cer” or “cir”
Conocer: Yo conozco.
irregular in the “yo”

7. Saber: to know (facts or information)
Conocer: to know (people or places)
Mi amiga sabe como hacer el problema de
matematicas.
My friends knows how to do the math
problem, she knows FACTS.
Maria conoce a mi padre.
Maria knows my dad, she knows a PERSON.
saber vs. conocer

8. Reflexives are actions that are reflected upon oneself or
others
Yo: Me, Tú: Te, El/Ella/Ud: Se, Nosotros: Nos, Ellos/Ellas/Uds:
Se
Cepillarse (to brush): Me cepillo mi pelo.
Pedirse (to ask): Se pedimos a la maestra.
Levantarse (to get up): Te levantas a las ocho de la
manana.
reflexives

9. Enviar- to send Continuar- to continue
Envío Enviamos Continúo Continuamos
Envías Continúas
Envía Envían Continúa Continúan
Esquiar- to ski
Esquío Esquiamos
Esqías
Esquía Esquían
dipthongs with accents

10. Distinguir (to distinguish)
Distingo Distinguimos
Distingues
Distingue Distinguen
Extinguir (to extinguish)
Seguir (e→i) (to follow/continue)
Conseguir (e→i) (to get, obtain, succeed in)
uir/guir

11. Cocer (to cook): cuezo
Torcer (to twist): tuerzo
Mecer (to rock): mezo
Ejercer (to practice a profession): ejerzo
Vencer (to overcome): venzo
Ofrecer (to offer): ofrezo
Obedecer (to obey): obedezco
cer/cir

12. Coger (to catch, grab) Cojo
Cogemos
Coges
Coge Cogen Proteger (to protect):
protejo
Escoger (to choose):
escojo
Recoger (to pick up):
recojo
ger/gir

13. This equation tells how long it has been since the
subject has done something.
Hace un mes que estudio.
Adding “no” in from of the present tense verb makes
the action negative.
Hace dos dias que no hablas con tu madre.
hace + que + present

14. Imperfect is used to describe a continuous action in
the past.
Ex. I used to go shopping every day.
Ex. I always went to that restaurant.
Endings: yo – ía, tú – ías, ella – ía, nosostros – íamos,
ellas – ían
imperfect

15. Ser, Ir, Ver
era éramos veía veíamos
eras erias veías veíais
era eran veía veían
iba ibamos
ibas ibais
iba iban
Imperfect irregulars

16. A veces
Generalmente
Nunca
Siempre
Todas la semanas
Imperfect trigger words

17. Used to describe a completed action in the past.
Ex. I studied
AR ER/IR
for the test.
YO é í
Yo estudié
TÚ aste iste
por la examen.
ÉL/ELLA/ ó ió
USTED
NOSOTROS amos imos
ELLOS(AS)/ aron ieron
UDS.
preterite

18. Less than, greater than, equal to
Más/Menos + ____ + que _____
Verb + ____ que _______
Tan + _____ +como ________
Tantos + ______ (noun) + como _______
Verb tanto como + _______
Juan es menos alto que Julio.
comparatives, superlatives

19. ALL VERBS: Infinitive +
É
Ás
Á
Emos
Án
For immediate future (going to)
IR + A + INFINITIVE
future

20. Decir: dir- to say
Haber: habr- there to be; to have
Hacer: har- to make, do
Poder: podr- to be able
Poner: pondr- to put, place, set
Querer: querr- to want, love
Saber: sabr- to know(fact), know how
Salir: saldr- to leave, go out
Tener: tendr- to have
Valer: valdr- to be worth
Venir: vendr- to come
future irregulars

21. ía íamos
Should, could, or would
ías íais
You SHOULD study for test
ía ían
in history class.
Tú estudiarías por la examen en la clase de historia.
If a verb in irregular in the future tense, it keeps its irregular stem
in the conditional.
Inf nitive
i Future Conditional
Decir diré diría
conditional

22. Motion/General location: round, through, along, by
Duration of action: for, during, in
Reason/motive for action: because of, on account of,
on behalf of
Object of a search: for, in search of
Means by which something is done: by, by way of, by
means of
Exchange/Substitution: in exchange for
Unit of measure: per, by
por

23. Destination: toward, in the directionof
Deadline/specific time in future: by, for
Purpose/goal + (infinative): in order to
Purpose + (noun): for, used for
Recipient of something: for
Comparison withothers or an opinion: for, considering
In the employment of: for
para

24. Por and para CANNOT be used
interchangeably.
Each must be used appropriately using the
rules stated in the two previous slides.
Por v. para

25. Usted Commands:
Put the verb in the “yo” form and then drop
the -O and add an -E for AR and an -A for
ER/IR
Compre los dulces. (Usted)
Coman la cena. (Ustedes)
Negative commands use the same form.
No coman la cena.
commands

26. Tú Commands:
Affirmative tú commands are formed like the
present usted form.
Escribe la carta.
Negative commands are formed like the tú
form of the present subjunctive.
No hables con ella.
commands

27. Used to decribe something that “has been”
done.
He, has, ha, hemos, han + ado/ido
Drop the infinitive and add -ado for AR and
-ido for ER/IR
I have eaten ---- Yo he comido.
Present perfect

28. Abrir Abierto
Cubrir Cubierto
Decir Dicho
Escribir Escrito
Hacer Hecho
Morir Muerto
Poner Puesto
Resolver Resuelto
Romper Roto
Ver Visto
Volver Vuelto
Ir Ido
Present perfect irregulars

29. VERB + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Juan escribe una carta a Maria
Escribe = verb, una carta = DO (la), Maria = IO
(le)
Juan le la escribe.
However, this must become “Juan se la
escribe” because of the exceptions on the
next slide.
Double object pronouns

30. If the double object pronoun ends up with a
“le la” or “le lo”
If this happens, the “le” becomes “se.”
Present perfect exceptions

31. Quickly, slowly, happily, magically.
They end in -mente
Thoughtfully - pensativamente
If the noun version of the verb ends in an -O,
add an -A before adding mente.
Rapido – rapidamente.
adverbs

32. Indicates mood (facts or to express facts).
Uses: will and influence, emotion, doubt,
disbelief, and denial, indefiniteness and
nonexistence.
To conjugate: put in the “yo” form and then
change to the opposite vowl.
Yo hable, tú hables, ella hable, nosotros
hablemos, ellas hablen.
subjunctive

33. Used to make general statements
What “one” does, avoids specifying who you're
talking about.
Formula: Se + El/Ella/Ud form
Ex: One brushes his/her teeth.
Se cepilla sus dientes.
“se” impersonal

34. IR + Present Participle= is slowly but surely ______ing.
ANDAR + Present Participle= is going around _____ing.
SEGUIR +Present Participle= is still ______ing.
Yo voy estudiando el libro.
Ella anda buscando un empleo.
Los estudiantes sigen escuchando a la maestra.
Progressives With Ir/Andar/Seguir