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Ch15
1.
Chapter 15: Preliminaries
to Erosion: Weathering and Mass Weathering McKnight’s Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Hess
2.
Preliminaries to Erosion: Weathering
and Mass Weathering • Denudation • The Impact of Weathering and Mass Wasting on the Landscape • Weathering and Rock Openings • Weathering Agents • Mass Wasting 2© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Denudation • Overall effect
of disintegration, wearing away, and removal of rock material • Three types of activities: – Weathering – Mass wasting – Erosion 3© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-1
4.
The Impact of
Weathering and Mass Wasting on the Landscape • Fragmentation of bedrock • Mass wasting can result in open scar on landscape; accumulation of debris • Grand Canyon is an example 4© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-2
5.
Weathering and Rock
Openings • Weathering destroys bedrock and fragments it into smaller components • Any exposed bedrock is weathered • Openings in bedrock surface allow weathering to transfer deeper • Openings typically microscopic 5© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-3
6.
Weathering and Rock
Openings • Five types of openings – Microscopic: numerous, occur in spaces between rock crystals – Joints: cracks resulting from stress that do not show appreciable displacement – Faults: breaks in bedrock with displacement – Lava vesicles: gas openings in cooled lava – Solution cavities: holes created by percolating water 6© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-4
7.
Weathering and Rock
Openings • The importance of jointing – Almost all lithospheric bedrock is jointed – Block separation evident since weathering emphasizes fracture – Joint systems – Large joints that extend through large distances and thicknesses are called master joints 7© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-6
8.
Weathering Agents • Most
are atmospheric • Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water most important • Temperature changes • Water penetration in bedrock openings • Biotic agents – Burrowing and/or plant roots – Chemical alteration • Three principal categories – Mechanical – Chemical – Biotic 8© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
9.
Weathering Agents • Mechanical
Weathering – Physical disintegration of rock without changes to its chemical composition • Frost wedging – Freeze-thaw action of water – Ice wedges downward in openings – Ice melts and water falls farther into larger opening – Process repeats – Frost shattering 9© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-7
10.
Weathering Agents • Salt
wedging – Salt left behind from evaporated water collects and pries apart rock openings • Temperature changes – Diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations modify volumes slightly – Fracturing of rock over long time scales 10© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-8
11.
Weathering Agents • Exfoliation –
Curved layers peel off of bedrock – Exfoliation dome – Unloading through erosion – Hydration • Other mechanical weathering processes – Chemical and biotic impacts on mechanical weathering 11© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-14
12.
Weathering Agents • Chemical
Weathering – Decomposition of rock material through chemical alteration of minerals – Greater surface area is decomposed faster – Moisture required for most processes • Oxidation – Oxygen combined with metallic elements in minerals to form new products – Iron oxide: rusting 12© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-15
13.
Weathering Agents • Hydrolysis –
Union of water and another substance to produce a new substance – Igneous rock is particularly susceptible • Carbonation – Reaction between carbon dioxide and carbonate rocks • Less common processes exist as well • Chemically weathered rocks are less coherent and have loose particles 13© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
14.
Weathering Agents • Biological
weathering – Plants and animals alter rock structure – Impacts of lichens – Burrowing animals • Climate and weathering – High temperatures and abundant precipitation increase chemical weathering 14© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-17
15.
Mass Wasting • Process
by which weathered material is moved short distances by gravity • Factors influencing mass wasting – Angle of repose – Impact of water on lubrication of rock material – Clay-water mixture very slick and mobile substance – Quick clays – Subarctic mass wasting 15© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-19
16.
Mass Wasting • Fall –
Rockfall – Talus/Scree – Uniform accumulation of rockfall material: talus apron – Material tends to collect in cone shaped heaps: talus cones – Talus cones grow up the mountain – Slow talus flow in glaciers: rock glaciers 16© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-20
17.
Mass Wasting • Slide –
Landslide, instantaneous mass slope collapse with no fluid flow lubrication – Initiated from added weight from rainfall or earthquakes – Rock avalanches – Lost material leaves land scar – Damming of valley streams – Rotation of sliding material: slump 17© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-23
18.
Mass Wasting • Flow –
Wasting initiated or enhanced by addition of water – Water primary force; clay can enhance motion as well – Earthflows: water saturated land moved downhill – Mudflows: originate in arid basins; muddy downslope flows that can accumulate large rock material – Debris flows 18© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-25
19.
Mass Wasting • Creep –
Unobtrusive downslope flow of soil and regolith – Freeze/thaw and wet/dry effects on creep – Burrowing animals and plant root effects – Principle variables are slope angle, vegetative cover, and moisture supply – Terracettes – Solifluction: soil flowage 19© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 15-30
20.
Summary • Denudation is
the overall process of rock weathering, disintegration, and mass wasting • Weathering and mass wasting will drastically alter landscapes • Weathering breaks rocks into smaller fragments • Any exposed rock is weathered • There are five primary types of openings that are involved in weathering • There are numerous weathering agents, but they are classified into three primary categories 20© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.
Summary • Mass wasting
is the process by which weathered material is moved by gravity • There are numerous factors which influence the magnitude of mass wasting that takes place • Falls involve the downward motion of rock material with no added water • Slides are instantaneous mass slope collapses, such as landslides • Flows involve the displacement of weathered material by water—earthflows and mudflows 21© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.
Summary • Creep is
a slow-moving displacement of weathered material 22© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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