1. Presented by
K.Mounica
Roll.no-11AB1R0069
Under the guidance of
Mr.Karthikeyan ,M.Pharm(Ph.D)
(Assistant Professor)
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE,PCI and Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)
Vadlamudi,Guntur-522213.

2. MMAARRIINNEE
PPHHAARRMMAACCOOGGNNOOSSYY

3.  Definition of Marine Pharmacognosy.
 History of Marine Pharmacognosy.
 Classification of Marine Drugs.
 Collection of Marine Organisms.
 Handling of Marine Organisms.
 Storage of Marine Drugs.
 References.

4.  Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of
Pharmacognosy, which is mainly concerned
with the naturally occurring substances of
medicinalvalue from marine
Generally the drugs are obtained
from the marine species of bacteria,virus,algae
fungi,sponges etc.

7. ◦ The oceans cover more than70% of the earths surface
and contain over 300,000 Invertebrates and Algal
species and rich in Fauna&flora.
◦ Marine Pharmacognosy is not a new area for
Pharmacognosy even the early civilizations of Greece,
Japan, China and India have explored marine life as a
source of drugs
◦ In the western medicine Agar,Alginicacid, Carrageenan,
Protaminesulphate, Spermaceti and Cod&halibut liver oils
are the marinemedicinal established products.
◦ Macroalgae or seaweeds have been used as crude drugs
in the treatment of Iodine deficiency states such as
Goiter etc.

8.  Some seaweeds have also been utilized as sources of
additional vitamins and in the treatment of Anaemia during
pregnancy.
 Marine flora and fauna play significant role as a source of
new molecular entity.
 The oceans of the world contain over 5 million species in
about 30 phyla.Because of the derivatives of marine
organism and habitats, marine natural products enclose a
wide variety of chemical classes, including Terpenes,
Shikimates, Polyketides, Acetogenins, Peptides, Alkaloids
of varying structures and multitude of compounds of mixed
biosynthesis.
 The marine environment may contain over 80% of the
worlds plant and animal species.

9. o During the past 30-40 years, Numerous novel compounds
have been isolated from marine organisms having
biological activities such as antibacterial ,antiviral,
antitumour,antiparasitic,anticoagulants,antimicrobial,antiin
flammatory and cardiovascular compounds.
o Paralytic or Diarrhetic shellfish toxins are produced by
Dinoflagellates.

13. Compound
name
Biological
Source
Chemical Structure Uses
Acanthellin-1 Acanthella
acuta
(sponge)
Active against
mycobacterium.
chondriol L.Filiformis
(red algae)
Antimicrobial
agent.
Prepacifenol Laurenciajohns
tonil (red
algae)
Antimicrobial
agent.

15. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Avarol Disidea avara
(sponge)
Used in the
treatment of
AIDS.
Avarone Disidea avara
(sponge)
Its also used in
the treatment of
AIDS.
It have the ability
to cross B.B.B.
Eudistomin-A Eudistoma
oivaceum
It inhibit
immunodeficiency
virus.

17. Compoun
d name
Biological
source
Chemical Structure Uses
Zonarol Dictyopteris
zonoroid
(brown algae)
It has fungicial
property.
Isozonorol Dictyopteris
zonoroid
(brown algae)
Antifungal agent.
Thelphin Thelepus
setosus
(annelida)
Antimicrobial
agent.

20. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Laurinterol Laurenciajoh
nstonii
(red algae)
Active
antimicrobial
agent.
Aeroplysinin-1 Verongia
Aerophoba
(sponge)
Antimicrobial
agent.
Bromopyrones Ptilonia
Australasica
They are toxic as
well as
Antimicrobial
agent.

23. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Cephalosporin
-c
Cephalosporium
acrimonium
(fungus)
Antibiotic agent.
Istamycin-A Streptomyces
tenjimariensis
In-vitro activity
is observed
against Gr(-) and
Gr(+) bacteria.
Istamycin-B Streptomyces
tenjimariensis
In-vitro activity
is observed
aganst Gr(-) and
Gr(+) bacteria.

25. Compoun
d name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Eunicin Eunicia mammosa Anti-microbial
agent.

27. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical
structure
Uses
Α-kainicacid Digenia simplex
(red algae)
Used for the
treatment of
Ascariasis.
Convulsant.
Anthelmintic.
Domoicacid Alsidium
corallinum
(red algae)
Used as Calcium
channel blocker.

29. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Bryostatin-1 Bugulaneritina It has
antineoplastic
activity.
Sinularin Sinulariaflexibilis It has more
anticancer
activity.

32. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical
structure
Uses
Agelasidine-A Okinawa
seasponge
Agela spp.
It has very
potent
Antispasmodic
activity.

35. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical
structure
Uses
Eldoisin Eledonemoschata
(Cephalopod)
Stimulate extra
vascular smooth
muscle.
Octapamine Octopus vulgaris Shows
Adrenergic
responses.
Act as
Neurotransmitter
.

37. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical
structure
Uses
Bio-indole Rivularia firma
(cynobacterium)
Active
antiinflammatory
activity.
Butanolide Euplexaura flava Antiinflammatory
agent.

40. Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Nereistoxin Lumbriconereis
heteropoda
It shows Ganglion
blocking effects.
Cartap Lumbriconereis
heterpoda
Insecticidal agent.

42. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Carrageenan Condruscrispus Anti coagulant.
Activation of
Thrombin.
Fucoidan Fucus
vesiculosus
Antithrombin
activity.
Mediator for
Heparin cofactor-II

44. Compound
name
Biological
source
Chemical structure Uses
Prostaglandin
E2
Gracilaria
verucossa
Active CNS agent.
Control induced
child birth , Blood
pressure.
Suppress blood
platelet
aggregation.
15epi-PGA2 Plexaurahomoma
lla
Smooth muscle
relaxant.
Inhibit gastric acid
secretion.
Treat Asthma,
Peptic ulcers.

46. Compound
name
Biological source Chemical structure Uses
Saxitoxin Gonyaulax
calenella
(dinoflagellate)
Hypotensive
effect
Holothurin-A Helixpomatia
(sea cucumber)
Haemolytic
activity.
Antifungal
activity.
Aplysins Aplysiadepilans
(sea hare)
Toxical agent

50. Marine organisms are the Source of thousands of different
products.
Many of these compounds have been shown to be extremely
toxic in mammalian system.
Caution should always be taken in handling marine organism.
Proper protective Equipment such as Gloves & Eye protective
should always be worn.
In many organisms such as Hydroids and sponges have
highly Irritating compounds that cause immediate itching
& ash formation in some individuals
EX: Fibularia nolitangeres and Tedania ignis(fire sponge)
All marine specimens and extrudes should be handled with
caution.

53.  Collection of organisms should be documented.
 Record the longitude, latitude, depth, current surge, water
Temperature, salinity and dates of collection.
 Habit ate of collection (eg:- reference, increvice, Under
rock, on bottom side of rock, on front face of rock, on
surface of another Organism) should be recorded.
 Careful description of organism like colour, odour,
morphology consistency, Thickness of mucus, and
reproductive state.
 The presence of associated Organism inside or outside
should be noted.
 It is common to find worms, mollusks', copepods, brittle
stars, Anemons and even small fish living with larger
marine invertebrates.

54.  Epiphytes & Zooanthids are commonly observed in
association with marine invertebrates and may effect the
chemistry encountered.
 Voucher specimens should be prepared to allow for
complete identification
 Voucher are also necessary to document an invention.
 Voucher specimen are the representative of the entire
specimen.

56.  Marine Organisms are often collected at remote places
where laboratory facilities are limited.
 Many begin to due on exposure to air & rapidly begin to
decompose, therefore Organisms need to be either dried,
extracted or frozen immediately to reduces spoilage &
chemical degradation.
 The verongid sponges, can begin to degrade and
polymerize immediately up on being touched.
 This is indicated by a rapid colour change from white,
yellow or Orange to dark blue-black, even when maintained
in sea water.
 After collection the organisms should be frozen immediately
at-20˚C. In some cases, organisms are placed into an
alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or Isopropanol.

57. Algae and some gorgonians are often air dried and then
stored at room Temperature.
If facilities are available, the samples can be lyophilized
immediately after collection and then stored either at room
Temperature or in a freezer.

61.  The great part of the earth surface is covered by Seas
& Ocean, which contains about 500,000 species of
marine organisms since the natural products Chemists
diverted their attention to exploit the vast resources
of marine flora and animal world numerous novel
compounds have been isolated from these marine
organisms During the second half of Twentieth
century.
 To be successful in marine natural product chemistry
one should always keep an open mind. Expect
purification as possible and save all functions.

62.  Ashutoshkar-Text book of Pharmacognosy &
Pharmacobiotechnology (pg.no-469-480)
 William. C and Trease-Text book of Pharmacognosy
(pg.no:-723-740)
 Shah & Seth-Text book of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry
(pg.no:-461-470)
 E.Edwin Jarald-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658)
 Tyler-Brady-Robbers-Text book of Pharmacognosy
(pg.no:-325-335)
 Vinod. D.Rangari-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-263-285)
 Dr.S.H.Ansari-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-637-658)
 Mohammed Ali-Text book of Pharmacognosy (pg.no:-68-94)
 A.N.Kalia-Text book of Pharmacognosy. Pg,no:-163-175)
 C.K.Kokate-Text book of Pharmacognosy. (pg.no:-5.01-5.12)

63. ◦ I would like to Thank my Guide
Mr.R.Karthikeyan For wonderful guidance.
And also Thank to my beloved Principal sir
Mr.P.Srinivasbabu sir.
And also Thank to seminar committee for
giving this wonderful opportunity.