The document discusses coastal zone management and ecosystem-based management (EBM) of marine environments. It provides definitions and perspectives on EBM, including that EBM aims to maintain healthy ecosystems that provide services while accounting for human uses. It gives examples of EBM including a Puget Sound case study that models the food web and evaluates tradeoffs of seagrass restoration. Challenges to implementing EBM are fragmented governance and entrenched interests while more research is needed on historical data integration and evaluating EBM efforts.

1. Coastal Zone Management

2. What is the coastal zone?
• “A strip of land and sea of varying width
depending on the nature of the environment
and management needs”
• Coastal zones around the world have been
degraded due to poor or unplanned
development together with a rapidly growing
population.
• Impacts have been amplified by climate change.

3. How humans use marine environments
1. Biological resource harvesting
2. Mineral and energy extraction
3. Waste disposal
4. Biological resource cultivation
5. Transportation and communication
6. National defence and marine safety
7. Urban development
8. Tourism and recreation

4. Misconceptions about the ocean

5. Misconceptions about the ocean
“The ocean is separate from the continents and largely
unaffected by human activity and what happens on land.”
“The oceans have already been explored. There is not
much more to discover about the ocean realm and its
life.”
“I understand everything I need to know about global
warming.”

6. Coupled social-ecological systems
Ecological Domain Social Domain

7. Ecosystem-based management
• Focuses on diverse ecosystem services
• Recognizes the importance of natural boundaries
• Requires some level of management integration
among various sectors of human activity
• Accounts for cumulative impacts and necessary
tradeoffs among services

8. What is a
healthy
ecosystem?
SCOPING
STAKEHOLDER
ENGAGEMENT
Is the
ecosystem
healthy?
ECOSYSTEM
STATUS
• INDICATORS
AND
REFERENCE
POINTS
• RISK
ASSESSMENT
Now what
do we do?
SCENARIO
ANALYSIS
• Evaluate the
likely tradeoffs
associated with
management
alternative (i.e.,
human well-
being)

9. • Understand the human dimensions of the ecosystem -- beyond
commercial revenue
• Develop management strategies that work for people
• Meet legal & policy requirements -- & ethical obligations
• Identify & understand trade-offs
• Maintain & improve the well-being of people
-- in ways that also maintain & improve the integrity of
ecosystems
Why Assess Human Well-being?

10. Marine EBM: The management perspective
• What really is marine EBM?
• Is it really different from status quo management?
• How should it be properly applied?
• How do I ensure EBM plans are implemented?
• Is marine EBM good value for money?
Ecosystem-based management
Adaptive environmental assessment and management
Ecosystem approaches
Integrated ecosystem-based management
Adaptive management
Integrated management
Ecologically sustainable development
Sustainable development Environmental management systems
Integrated oceans management
Ecosystem approaches to fisheries
Ecosystem-based fisheries management
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Coastal zone management
Integrated coastal zone management

12. 3. Long application of EBM concepts in international law5. No single guide to marine EBMEBM being applied in dozens of countries

15. Setting the context for marine EBM
1760
1960
1860
Ocean resources are inexhaustible
Key fisheries are
inexhaustible.
Major fish populations decline;
Traditional fishing communities
breakdown; Ecosystems deteriorate.
200 Years
Christensen et al. (2007)

16. Adapted : Christensen et al.,2008
0
20
40
60
80
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004
Catch(million
tonnes)0
Setting the context for marine EBM
Global Catch
Since 1950
Industrialized Fishing Fleets

17. Pollution
• Artificial radionuclides
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Metals
• Organotin
• Carcinogens
• Mutagens
• Pesticides
• Endocrine disrupters
• Acidification
• Eutrophication
• Light
• Noise
• Thermal
• Invasive species
• Disease
• Visual
• Plastic
• Sewage
• Garbage
Pollution and
contaminants
Setting the context for marine EBM

18. Habitat Loss
Kelp
Mangroves
Sea grasses
Corals
Other biotic communities
Mud flats and estuaries
Beaches
Dredging, dumping.
Setting the context for marine EBM

19. The ‘Common Property’ Rubric
Unregulated exploitation
Over-capitalization
Resource misappropriation
e.g., American lobster , 1895,
New England, USA
Tragedies Comedies
Local ‘private fish property’ wars
Commoners lose access to the
commons
Policy speaks for the fishers &
Science speaks for the fish
e.g., Chesapeake Bay oysters,
1900, Maryland, USA
Kennedy and Breisch (1983)

20. Limitations to current approaches
• Fragmented ocean governance
• Maintaining ecosystem elements
• Managing diverse impacts
• Lack of recognition of connections between:
– Ecosystem structure, functioning and services
– Land and the sea
– Marine habitats
– Species
– Diverse stressor
– Knowledge and uncertainty
Guerry 2005

21. What is marine EBM?
Compass 2005
An integrated approach to
management that considers
the entire ecosystem,
including humans with the
goal to maintain an
ecosystem in a healthy,
productive, and resilient
condition so that it can
provide the services we
want and need.

22. Perspectives on marine EBM
• Humans as ecosystem components
• Sustainability
• Goals
• Sound ecological models and understanding
• Complexity and connectedness
• Dynamic character of ecosystems
• Context and scale
• Adaptability and accountability
Ecological Society of America elements of marine EBM
Christensen et al. 1996

23. Perspectives on marine EBM
• Fisheries should be managed to limit the impacts on
the ecosystem to the extent possible
• Ecological relationships between harvested,
dependent and associated species should be
maintained
• Management should involve cross jurisdictional
arrangements if required
• A precautionary approach should be adopted
• Governance arrangements should ensure ecosystem
well-being and equity
Reykjavik Declaration of Responsible Fisheries in the
Marine Ecosystem
FAO 2001

24. Perspectives on marine EBM
• Maintain natural structure and function of
ecosystems
• Recognize that human uses and values are
central to ecosystem management
• Base management on a shared vision of
stakeholders
• Appreciate that all ecosystems are dynamic
• Require a commitment of performance
monitoring and management
World Wildlife Fund elements of EBM
WWF 2002

25. Perspectives on marine EBM
Pikitch et al. (2004)
• EBM is a reversing the order of management
priorities to start with the ecosystem rather than the
target species
• Overall objective is to sustain healthy marine
ecosystems and the fisheries they support.
Guerry 2005
• EBM is about perceiving the big picture, recognizing
connections and striving to maintain elements of
ecosystems

26. Management targets are a
societal choice
informed by science
but how?

27. Ecological
Relationships
Societal
Preferences
Management
Targets

28. Puget Sound management example

29. Puget Sound food web model
• 66 functional groups (bacteria to orcas) from Central Puget Sound
• 15 different fishery types
• Direct connections are mainly predator-prey interactions
• Strength of connections is a function of diets, consumption rates,
production rates and predator-prey functional responses
Harvey, Williams & Levin 2012 Ecosystems

30. Effects of seagrass change on mediated groups
• Averaged across all mediation strength combinations (strong, moderate, weak)
• Wild, pink salmon groups most sensitive; effect carries to subadults
• Crab, hatchery salmon responses were intermediate
• Herring were least sensitive
Harvey, Williams & Levin 2012 Ecosystems

31. Effects of seagrass change on rest of food web
Harvey, Williams & Levin 2012 Ecosystems

32. How much seagrass do we want?

33. Underwater
(Marine Life)
Rural Growth
Urban Development
Shorelines

34. Seagrass
Overwater
structure
Sediment
Loading
Nutrients
Shoreline
Armor
Herring Crabs
Birds
Killer
whales
Salmon
Costs Costs
Rehr, Williams, Tolimieri, Levin 2014 Coastal Management

35. What is the effect of changes
in human activities on
seagrass?
What is the effect of
changing seagrass on
Puget Sound marine
life?
What does this
all cost?

36. Rehr, Williams,, Levin 2014 Marine Policy

38. -2.75
-1.8
-0.85
0.1
1.05
2.
-0.35 -0.25 -0.15 0 0.1 0.25 0.45
AverageDesirability
Change is seagrass cover
Levin, Rehr, Norman, & Wiliams

39. -2.3625
-1.575
-0.7875
0.
0.7875
1.575
-0.35 -0.25 -0.15 0 0.1 0.25 0.45
AverageDesirability
Change in seagrass cover
Democrats
Republicans

40. • Given the diverse costs and benefits of seagrass
restoration, Puget Sound citizens would like to see
10-20% more seagrass
• Normative orientation influences preferred
restoration level, and
• Policy makers will now have knowledge of how
different constituents view restoration
How much seagrass do we want?

41. Key ecosystem
components
Mediating
components
Drivers and
pressures

42. Integrated coastal zone management principles
The European Union adopted eight principles of Integrated
coastal zone management in 2002 that stipulate that ICZM
should accommodate natural systems as well as human
activities, take into account the interests of present and future
generations and are adaptable to new insights and
developments.
Clark,J.R.
Integrated management of coastal zones.
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 327. Rome, FAO. 1992. 167p.

43. Integrated coastal zone management principles
• A broad ‘holistic’ perspective (thematic and geographic)
• A long term perspective (ensure that decisions taken today
do not foreclose options for the future)
• Adaptive management during a gradual process (integrated
planning and management is a process that develops and
evolves)
• Reflect local specificity
• Work with natural processes
• Participatory planning
• Support & involvement of all relevant administrative bodies
• Use of a combination of instruments

44. National Coastal Zone
Management Program
Created by the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972
Key program elements:
– Protecting natural resources,
– Managing development in high hazard areas,
– Giving development priority to coastal-dependent uses,
– Providing public access for recreation,
– Prioritizing water-dependent uses, and
– Coordinating state and federal actions.

45. National Coastal Zone
Management Program
Puerto Rico’s Coastal Management Program was approved by
NOAA in 1978 and comprises a network of state agencies led by
the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. The
program encompasses 40 statutes.
The Florida Coastal Management Program was approved by
NOAA in 1981, with the Florida Department of Environmental
Protection serving as the lead agency. A network of eight state
agencies and five water management districts together enforce
23 separate statutes.

46. Driving forces
• High rates of population growth;
• Poverty exacerbated by dwindling resources, degraded
fisheries habitats and lack of alternative livelihoods;
• Large-scale, quick-profit, commercial enterprises which
degrade resources and conflict with interests of the local
people;
• Lack of awareness about management for resource
sustainability among local people and policy-makers;
• Lack of understanding of the economic contribution of
coastal resources to society;
• Lack of serious government follow-up in support and
enforcement of conservation programs. FAO 1992.

50. Why Assess Human Wellbeing?

51. 1. Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
2. NOAA’s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
3. California State University–Monterey Bay, Seafloor Mapping Lab
4. NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service
5. The Nature Conservancy
6. California Department of Fish and Wildlife
7. NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey
8. U.S. Geological Survey
9. Ocean Exploration Trust
10. Ocean Protection Council
11. NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration
12. National Park Service
13. University of California Santa Barbara
14. Southern California Integrated Ocean Observing System
15. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
16. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
17. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
18. U.S. Department of Homeland Security
19. U.S. Department of Commerce
20. U.S. Department of Transportation
Agencies represented

52. Puerto Rico case studies
• Isla Verde
• Cataño
• Culebra

53. Isla Verde

54. Cataño

55. Culebra

56. Challenges to EBM implementation
• Large jurisdictions
• Fragmented institutional arrangements
• Entrenched interests
• Unresolved jurisdictional complexity

57. What research is needed?
• Historical ecology and paleoecology approaches to
understand past interactions of humans with
coastal environments
• How to integrate data across a range of spatial and
temporal scales
• Cumulative impacts of human activities on
ecosystem health and human well being
• Systematic assessment of ecosystem services and
social/economic interests
• Evaluation of EBM efforts