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URBAN GEOGRAPHY


Case Study : GLASGOW
Site & Situation
   Site – where the original settlement has
    been built
   Situation – where it is in the surrounding
    area

   “A city is both geography and history; it is
    the expression of what people have done
    with a place through time. Geographically, it
    springs from situation and site. More
    precisely a city is the site at which the
    situation has significance; it is the choice of
    site which successfully exploits it situation.”
The Origin and Growth of settlements

   Most large cities have developed in a
    location where both the site and the
    situation have been an advantage.

   The site was often the original reason
    for a settlement to develop, whereas
    the situation may explain why a
    settlement remains small or grows
    into a town or city.
Settlements were usually built on particular sites
which were advantageous to early dwellers :

   Defensive Sites – on a hill, surrounded by
    water
   Route Centres – where valleys meet, the focus
    of routes
   Bridging Points – an easy place to cross a river
   Wet Site – Close to water in a dry area
    (springlines)
   Dry Site – On higher, dry area close to wet
    land e.g. marsh or flooding rivers
   Gap site – sheltered between 2 hills
   Aspect (occasionally) – the position in relation
    to the sun may have been important in upland
    valleys
Classification
   All settlements can be identified in the pyramid
    below – a hierarchy !

                              Megalopolis

                 Large City

                 Small City           GLASGOW

                 Large Town

                  Small Town

                    Village

                   Hamlet
         Individual Building e.g Farmhouse
Reasons for choosing a site changes
through time !

   Pre 1750
   Good Defence
   Close to water supply
   Close to woodland
   On useful farmland
   Sheltered site
   Flat land or suitable building site
   Good communications
Continued…
   After 1800
   Close to resources (raw materials)
   Close to Ports
   Faster communication
   Pleasant Environment
GLASGOW – Site & Location
   Glasgow began on the North bank of the River Clyde.
    This was a bridging point over the River which meant
    that it became a route centre.

   Although on the flood plain of the Clyde, a large drumlin
    swarm gave dry point sites for early important buildings
    e.g. Cathedral and University.
                             Glasgow
                             University




                    Glasgow
                    Cathedral
   The river provided fishing and allowed
    transportation (although the river was shallow)

   However, the deepening, straightening and removal
    of rock bars (blasting) in the early 1800s was to
    lead to the rapid growth of the city as a Port trading
    with the empire.
   The growth of the railways and building of the canal
    further added to Glasgow's excellent transport Network.
    This network in turn influenced the whole of Western and
    Central Scotland (Sphere of Influence)

   In addition, Glasgow possessed the important raw
    materials of the Industrial Revolution, coal, iron ore and
    limestone.
   This lead to its rapid growth as an industrial city
    (Industrial Revolution & WWII) the main products were
    ships, heavy engineering, textiles and chemicals. This
    meant that Glasgow had a narrow industrial base and
    would lead to major problems once these markets
    declined (competition!)
   Since then Glasgow has changed more than any other
    British city (with regard to Function) but these changes
    have been largely successful and Glasgow is not a
    renowned city in areas such as culture, administration/
    finance & shopping.
FUNCTIONS OF GLASGOW
   Originally began as a route centre and bridging point.
    It grew as a market town, religious centre and
    educational centre.
   It remains important as an industrial town. It provides
    recreation and leisure services for its population and
    its hinterland.
   It has become a popular tourist city (city breaks,
    conferences & exhibitions).
   It is an important shopping centre and is Scotland's
    main (jointly with Edinburgh) administrative centre.
    It was once a port although no longer important the
    river fronts have stimulated development.
Landuse Zones in Glasgow
   CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRCT (CBD)




                             What can you see from the
                             OS map that suggests that
                             this is the CBD of Glasgow ?
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
   Accessibility both to the rest of the city and the surrounding
    area (convergence of roads/railway) and usually near the
    oldest part of town perhaps beside a castle/cathedral
   It will vary in size depending on the size of the city.
   An area of interacting landscapes and is usually dynamic
    (changing) with the exception of the historic core.
   High land values - upward growth of buildings
   Location may change through time e.g. Originally at the
    High Street to George Square, Argyll Street and Sauchiehall
    Street
   Grid Iron Street pattern
   High maybe multi storey buildings – must build up!
   High density of buildings
   Lack of open space
   Large Department Stores, modern shopping malls
    and pedestrian precincts
   Offices, banks, Town Hall
   Cinemas, theatres, clubs
   Bus and Railway stations
   Busy traffic flow and pedestrian flow
   Multi storey car parks
   The main land uses include retail outlets, these vary from :-

   High turnover department stores e.g. Debenhams, John
    Lewis, House of Fraser and the top national stores e.g. M&S.
    They occupy many floors have large frontages (display) and
    prefer corner sites to maximise pedestrian flow. They have a
    wide range of goods, large workforces and depend on a high
    turnover (shoppers!)
   Specialist Shops e.g. clothing, jewellery, games, shops etc.
    These offer customers the potential to compare shops –
    items usually portable
   Food & Drink Outlets (convenience shops) can either cater
    for shoppers/city centre workers or for evening visitors.
    e.g. tobacconists, cafes, newsagents, fruit shops, book
    shops, music shops ( highly specialised).
   Also found are the main HQ of Insurance offices, banks,
    travel companies and local government. e.g. TH
   They can be easily accessed by workforce and clients.
   Accessibility- For the same reasons there is a
    concentration of theatres, restaurants, exhibitions.
   Residential Population – Overall population density is low
    (high property prices) difficulties with parking, pollution
    (noise) and the size of properties
   Other Users – Transport termini (buses/trains), colleges
    and universities, green space e.g. George Sq, certain
    industries (fashion/publishing) and on the edge of the
    CBD – schools, churches (many changed purpose) and
    hospitals.
Traffic – Pedestrian/Vehicle
   Roads and pavements make up the
    largest proportion of the CBD
   Usually grid iron
   Pedestrian flow high especially at peak
    times
   Major congestion problems at rush
    hours
Here are some examples of features
 you'd find in Glasgow:

•high/multi-storey buildings - Hilton Hotel
•modern shopping mall/pedestrian precinct -
Buchanan Galleries
•lack of open space - Merchant City
•department stores - Frasers
•cultural/historical buildings - Gallery of Modern Art
•entertainment - Royal Concert Hall, Cineworld
•transport centres - Buchanan Street Bus Station
•multi-storey car parks - Buchanan Galleries
•grid iron street pattern - Sauchiehall Street, Bath
Street, Renfield Street
•rush hour - M8/Kingston Bridge
Old Inner City Zone Factories/Housing GR5665



What can
you see to
suggest
that this
is the old
Inner city
zone of
Glasgow ?
Why were inner city areas built
    surrounding the CBD?
   Old heavy industrial factories were near the city centre
    market.
   Low cost housing like tenements were built quickly for
    poorly paid workers who needed to live close to work.
   People in poor inner city areas were able to make use of
    city centre amenities.
Old Inner City Zone Factories/Housing GR5665

        Look carefully at the slides of Glasgow can you spot the
        following features ?

   Features Include:

   Canals/railways
   Breweries, bakeries, engineering
    works, textile factories
   Old factories and houses were built
    during the 19th C when people
    walked to work (no cars) little open
    space left between the buildings
   The street pattern is often grid iron
   In Scotland - housing is
    tenements; in England terraces
   Problems - overcrowding, poor
    sanitation due to buildings more
    cheaply built than in CBD
Inner City Areas – problems led to
         redevelopment
   Located, in older cities, near the centre and surrounding the
    CBD. Inner city areas are identified by physical features and
    often by negative socio-economic features:
   high density of buildings and lack of good quality open space
    eg. parks
   older,19C low-cost housing - likely to be tenements in
    Scotland and terraced housing in England
   slum housing
   derelict land
   old declining industry
   a declining population with high unemployment
   large areas of re-development or urban regeneration
   limited convenience shopping facilities
   high levels of air pollution from traffic, and visual pollution in
    the form of vandalism and graffiti
   areas demolished and used for motorways and ring roads
Re-Generation Schemes
   Many inner city areas have now been improved
    through urban re-generation schemes. Think of
    examples you know from your own area.
    Improvements in areas like The Gorbals and Govan
    on Clydeside, in Glasgow, include:
   new housing, such as high rise flats
   renovation of older housing, often tenements
   environmental improvements by landscaping,
    improving docklands
   attracting a mix of inhabitants for example, by
    introducing luxury flats
   increased employment opportunities by opening
    restaurants, leisure centres and government offices
    such as the Scottish Office
   upgrading shopping areas and improving road links
Urban  higher glasgow
* TODAY* many of these areas are being
redeveloped again

   Many multi stories knocked down (damp), social
    problems
   Areas have been landscaped and new homes built
    (tenement style again) to encourage people back to
    living in the inner city
Suburbia
   Substantial growth in the last 50 years.
   Located on the outer fringes/outskirts of urban areas
   Expensive modern homes (often detatched/semi-
    detatched/front & rear garden/off street
    parking/garages) Low density
   Close to the green belt (woodland/
    recreation/water/farmland/parks)
   Room for expansion but increasing pressure and conflict/
    increasing value of land and costs
   Accessible by road for commuting into CBD or along
    modern ring road network to other towns/industrial
    estates/science parks
   Street patterns with local roads separate from through
    traffic, cul-de-sacs, crescents
   A range of suitable services (health clinics/local
    convenience shops and small shopping g areas/golf
    courses/parks and schools
Suburbia (Council & Privately Owned) – Car Based


   Younger buildings than in CBD
   Street pattern - crescents and
    cul-de-sacs (dead ends); this
    slows down traffic to make the
    streets safer
   More detached and semi-
    detached houses; as the land is
    less expensive people have
    gardens
   Less factories than the inner city
   More open space and parks
   Many people commute from here
    to work in shops and offices in
    the C.B.D.
   Less pollution than the centre of
    the city
Satellite Estates
     Due to urban regeneration schemes many new estates were
      built in the 1950/60s on the urban fringe to help people move
      away from poor housing conditions in the Inner City.
     Examples in Glasgow include : Easterhouse, Castlemilk




Here many new homes have been
built to replace those built in the 50s.
New Industrial Areas – On the Outskirts of
the city


                    They have modern factories with
                     car parks
                    The factories are laid out in an
                     orderly fashion -they are planned
                     areas
                    The buildings are usually lower
                     than in the old industrial areas
                    The areas are landscaped with,
                     trees, bushes, flowers and grass
                    They are kept apart from the
                     residential areas
                    They found close to good road
                     transport links
                    Less pollution than the centre of
                     the city - electricity is almost
                     always used as the power source,
                     and there are very few chimneys
Glasgow Example
   Hillington Industrial Estate was built in the 1950s to
    encourage new business o Glasgow after the decline of heavy
    engineering. It was at that time on the outskirts of the city.
    Today it is surrounded by housing.
                                                    Then




                                Now
Greenbelt / Urban Fringe
   Established to “check the unrestricted sprawl of built-up areas
    to safeguard the surrounding countryside from further
    encroachment and to prevent towns merging into one
    another.”
   The open area of the land is preserved for farming and
    recreation.
   Planning permission is not usually allowed for building but
    pressure is on green belt to release land to create more
    housing, industry and communications.


   You can see clearly the
pressure that is on the green
 Belt surrounding Glasgow!!
Traffic Congestion - Causes

   Many people working in the C.B.D. which may
    have narrow streets
   Shortage of off-street parking which means
    people park on the roads and so increase
    congestion
   People not using public transport - either because
    it is less convenient, too expensive or not
    available
   More people own and use cars
Traffic Congestion -Solutions

   Ring roads and by-passes; these can be unpopular as
    countryside around towns and cities are lost when they are
    built
   Park and Ride - you park your car on the edge of the built up
    area and then ride a bus or train into the C.B.D.
   One way streets to speed up traffic flow
   Multi-storey car parks
   Banning cars from the from the C.B.D., either with
    pedestrianised streets (e.g. Buchanan Street in Glasgow) or
    by stopping them coming into the city centre at all. Cars are
    banned from the centre of Milan (Italy) on Sundays.
   Charging car drivers when they enter the city centre

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Urban higher glasgow

  • 2. Site & Situation  Site – where the original settlement has been built  Situation – where it is in the surrounding area  “A city is both geography and history; it is the expression of what people have done with a place through time. Geographically, it springs from situation and site. More precisely a city is the site at which the situation has significance; it is the choice of site which successfully exploits it situation.”
  • 3. The Origin and Growth of settlements  Most large cities have developed in a location where both the site and the situation have been an advantage.  The site was often the original reason for a settlement to develop, whereas the situation may explain why a settlement remains small or grows into a town or city.
  • 4. Settlements were usually built on particular sites which were advantageous to early dwellers :  Defensive Sites – on a hill, surrounded by water  Route Centres – where valleys meet, the focus of routes  Bridging Points – an easy place to cross a river  Wet Site – Close to water in a dry area (springlines)  Dry Site – On higher, dry area close to wet land e.g. marsh or flooding rivers  Gap site – sheltered between 2 hills  Aspect (occasionally) – the position in relation to the sun may have been important in upland valleys
  • 5. Classification  All settlements can be identified in the pyramid below – a hierarchy ! Megalopolis Large City Small City GLASGOW Large Town Small Town Village Hamlet Individual Building e.g Farmhouse
  • 6. Reasons for choosing a site changes through time !  Pre 1750  Good Defence  Close to water supply  Close to woodland  On useful farmland  Sheltered site  Flat land or suitable building site  Good communications
  • 7. Continued…  After 1800  Close to resources (raw materials)  Close to Ports  Faster communication  Pleasant Environment
  • 8. GLASGOW – Site & Location  Glasgow began on the North bank of the River Clyde. This was a bridging point over the River which meant that it became a route centre.  Although on the flood plain of the Clyde, a large drumlin swarm gave dry point sites for early important buildings e.g. Cathedral and University. Glasgow University Glasgow Cathedral
  • 9. The river provided fishing and allowed transportation (although the river was shallow)  However, the deepening, straightening and removal of rock bars (blasting) in the early 1800s was to lead to the rapid growth of the city as a Port trading with the empire.
  • 10. The growth of the railways and building of the canal further added to Glasgow's excellent transport Network. This network in turn influenced the whole of Western and Central Scotland (Sphere of Influence)  In addition, Glasgow possessed the important raw materials of the Industrial Revolution, coal, iron ore and limestone.
  • 11. This lead to its rapid growth as an industrial city (Industrial Revolution & WWII) the main products were ships, heavy engineering, textiles and chemicals. This meant that Glasgow had a narrow industrial base and would lead to major problems once these markets declined (competition!)
  • 12. Since then Glasgow has changed more than any other British city (with regard to Function) but these changes have been largely successful and Glasgow is not a renowned city in areas such as culture, administration/ finance & shopping.
  • 13. FUNCTIONS OF GLASGOW  Originally began as a route centre and bridging point. It grew as a market town, religious centre and educational centre.  It remains important as an industrial town. It provides recreation and leisure services for its population and its hinterland.  It has become a popular tourist city (city breaks, conferences & exhibitions).  It is an important shopping centre and is Scotland's main (jointly with Edinburgh) administrative centre.  It was once a port although no longer important the river fronts have stimulated development.
  • 14. Landuse Zones in Glasgow  CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRCT (CBD) What can you see from the OS map that suggests that this is the CBD of Glasgow ?
  • 15. CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT  Accessibility both to the rest of the city and the surrounding area (convergence of roads/railway) and usually near the oldest part of town perhaps beside a castle/cathedral  It will vary in size depending on the size of the city.  An area of interacting landscapes and is usually dynamic (changing) with the exception of the historic core.  High land values - upward growth of buildings  Location may change through time e.g. Originally at the High Street to George Square, Argyll Street and Sauchiehall Street  Grid Iron Street pattern
  • 16. High maybe multi storey buildings – must build up!  High density of buildings  Lack of open space  Large Department Stores, modern shopping malls and pedestrian precincts  Offices, banks, Town Hall  Cinemas, theatres, clubs  Bus and Railway stations  Busy traffic flow and pedestrian flow  Multi storey car parks
  • 17. The main land uses include retail outlets, these vary from :-  High turnover department stores e.g. Debenhams, John Lewis, House of Fraser and the top national stores e.g. M&S. They occupy many floors have large frontages (display) and prefer corner sites to maximise pedestrian flow. They have a wide range of goods, large workforces and depend on a high turnover (shoppers!)  Specialist Shops e.g. clothing, jewellery, games, shops etc. These offer customers the potential to compare shops – items usually portable  Food & Drink Outlets (convenience shops) can either cater for shoppers/city centre workers or for evening visitors. e.g. tobacconists, cafes, newsagents, fruit shops, book shops, music shops ( highly specialised).
  • 18. Also found are the main HQ of Insurance offices, banks, travel companies and local government. e.g. TH  They can be easily accessed by workforce and clients.  Accessibility- For the same reasons there is a concentration of theatres, restaurants, exhibitions.  Residential Population – Overall population density is low (high property prices) difficulties with parking, pollution (noise) and the size of properties  Other Users – Transport termini (buses/trains), colleges and universities, green space e.g. George Sq, certain industries (fashion/publishing) and on the edge of the CBD – schools, churches (many changed purpose) and hospitals.
  • 19. Traffic – Pedestrian/Vehicle  Roads and pavements make up the largest proportion of the CBD  Usually grid iron  Pedestrian flow high especially at peak times  Major congestion problems at rush hours
  • 20. Here are some examples of features you'd find in Glasgow: •high/multi-storey buildings - Hilton Hotel •modern shopping mall/pedestrian precinct - Buchanan Galleries •lack of open space - Merchant City •department stores - Frasers •cultural/historical buildings - Gallery of Modern Art •entertainment - Royal Concert Hall, Cineworld •transport centres - Buchanan Street Bus Station •multi-storey car parks - Buchanan Galleries •grid iron street pattern - Sauchiehall Street, Bath Street, Renfield Street •rush hour - M8/Kingston Bridge
  • 21. Old Inner City Zone Factories/Housing GR5665 What can you see to suggest that this is the old Inner city zone of Glasgow ?
  • 22. Why were inner city areas built surrounding the CBD?  Old heavy industrial factories were near the city centre market.  Low cost housing like tenements were built quickly for poorly paid workers who needed to live close to work.  People in poor inner city areas were able to make use of city centre amenities.
  • 23. Old Inner City Zone Factories/Housing GR5665 Look carefully at the slides of Glasgow can you spot the following features ?  Features Include:  Canals/railways  Breweries, bakeries, engineering works, textile factories  Old factories and houses were built during the 19th C when people walked to work (no cars) little open space left between the buildings  The street pattern is often grid iron  In Scotland - housing is tenements; in England terraces  Problems - overcrowding, poor sanitation due to buildings more cheaply built than in CBD
  • 24. Inner City Areas – problems led to redevelopment  Located, in older cities, near the centre and surrounding the CBD. Inner city areas are identified by physical features and often by negative socio-economic features:  high density of buildings and lack of good quality open space eg. parks  older,19C low-cost housing - likely to be tenements in Scotland and terraced housing in England  slum housing  derelict land  old declining industry  a declining population with high unemployment  large areas of re-development or urban regeneration  limited convenience shopping facilities  high levels of air pollution from traffic, and visual pollution in the form of vandalism and graffiti  areas demolished and used for motorways and ring roads
  • 25. Re-Generation Schemes  Many inner city areas have now been improved through urban re-generation schemes. Think of examples you know from your own area. Improvements in areas like The Gorbals and Govan on Clydeside, in Glasgow, include:  new housing, such as high rise flats  renovation of older housing, often tenements  environmental improvements by landscaping, improving docklands  attracting a mix of inhabitants for example, by introducing luxury flats  increased employment opportunities by opening restaurants, leisure centres and government offices such as the Scottish Office  upgrading shopping areas and improving road links
  • 27. * TODAY* many of these areas are being redeveloped again  Many multi stories knocked down (damp), social problems  Areas have been landscaped and new homes built (tenement style again) to encourage people back to living in the inner city
  • 28. Suburbia  Substantial growth in the last 50 years.  Located on the outer fringes/outskirts of urban areas  Expensive modern homes (often detatched/semi- detatched/front & rear garden/off street parking/garages) Low density  Close to the green belt (woodland/ recreation/water/farmland/parks)  Room for expansion but increasing pressure and conflict/ increasing value of land and costs  Accessible by road for commuting into CBD or along modern ring road network to other towns/industrial estates/science parks  Street patterns with local roads separate from through traffic, cul-de-sacs, crescents  A range of suitable services (health clinics/local convenience shops and small shopping g areas/golf courses/parks and schools
  • 29. Suburbia (Council & Privately Owned) – Car Based  Younger buildings than in CBD  Street pattern - crescents and cul-de-sacs (dead ends); this slows down traffic to make the streets safer  More detached and semi- detached houses; as the land is less expensive people have gardens  Less factories than the inner city  More open space and parks  Many people commute from here to work in shops and offices in the C.B.D.  Less pollution than the centre of the city
  • 30. Satellite Estates  Due to urban regeneration schemes many new estates were built in the 1950/60s on the urban fringe to help people move away from poor housing conditions in the Inner City.  Examples in Glasgow include : Easterhouse, Castlemilk Here many new homes have been built to replace those built in the 50s.
  • 31. New Industrial Areas – On the Outskirts of the city  They have modern factories with car parks  The factories are laid out in an orderly fashion -they are planned areas  The buildings are usually lower than in the old industrial areas  The areas are landscaped with, trees, bushes, flowers and grass  They are kept apart from the residential areas  They found close to good road transport links  Less pollution than the centre of the city - electricity is almost always used as the power source, and there are very few chimneys
  • 32. Glasgow Example  Hillington Industrial Estate was built in the 1950s to encourage new business o Glasgow after the decline of heavy engineering. It was at that time on the outskirts of the city. Today it is surrounded by housing. Then Now
  • 33. Greenbelt / Urban Fringe  Established to “check the unrestricted sprawl of built-up areas to safeguard the surrounding countryside from further encroachment and to prevent towns merging into one another.”  The open area of the land is preserved for farming and recreation.  Planning permission is not usually allowed for building but pressure is on green belt to release land to create more housing, industry and communications. You can see clearly the pressure that is on the green Belt surrounding Glasgow!!
  • 34. Traffic Congestion - Causes  Many people working in the C.B.D. which may have narrow streets  Shortage of off-street parking which means people park on the roads and so increase congestion  People not using public transport - either because it is less convenient, too expensive or not available  More people own and use cars
  • 35. Traffic Congestion -Solutions  Ring roads and by-passes; these can be unpopular as countryside around towns and cities are lost when they are built  Park and Ride - you park your car on the edge of the built up area and then ride a bus or train into the C.B.D.  One way streets to speed up traffic flow  Multi-storey car parks  Banning cars from the from the C.B.D., either with pedestrianised streets (e.g. Buchanan Street in Glasgow) or by stopping them coming into the city centre at all. Cars are banned from the centre of Milan (Italy) on Sundays.  Charging car drivers when they enter the city centre