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Key Media Concept - Genre
Starter:

Why can genre be considered useful to each of
the following:

1. Film producers?
2. Distributors/marketers?
3. Audiences?
Producers like genre because:
• They can cash in on popular genres – avoid unpopular
  ones (not fool proof – they can get it wrong!).
• Its easier to raise funding for genre films .
• It can be easier/cheaper to write films – many genres
  rely on a particular formula or are more driven by fx
  than dialogue.
• Film industry can exploit writers of popular books –
  writers are often associated with a particular genre e.g.
  John Grisham law based thrillers, Stephen King
  psychological/supernatural horror.
• It can be easier to choose and market stars who are
  known for films in a particular genre.
• It is easier for them to make films in the same genre.
• It helps them predict expenditure & minimise risk
Distributors/marketers like genre because:

• They can market the film using stars connected to a genre.
• They can use genre signifiers in trailers and posters.
• It can be easier to predict and target an audience through
  genre films
• It can be easier to reach a target audience - cinema trailers
  are often similar genres to the one you’re watching
Audiences like genre because:
• It helps them choose/categorise
• Prediction, expectation anticipation
• A sense of expectation , pleasure and anticipation also comes from
  the repetition of key elements
• Even when genre conventions are broken, the success of this
  depends on us knowing the ‘rules’ in the first place. Pleasure from
  surprise.
• Often genres have thematic pleasures – issues of law and order will
  be debated in a western and (usually) good will triumph over evil.
• Detective films depict crime, but reassuringly lock up the
  wrongdoers by the end of the film, and so on – genre films often
  play out audiences fears and anxieties in a ‘safe’ way, or allow
  audiences to laugh at other’s misfortunes in a comedy for example.
• Audiences want a mix of the familiar and the new in genre films
Genre as an academic approach
• Genre is a critical tool, a concept that helps scholars
  to study films and filmmaking as well as audiences’
  response to film. It has been used since Ancient
  Greek times when plays and poetry were arranged
  into tragedies or comedies.

• Genre study allows a form of scientific methodology
  to be used in studying things, which display
  similarities. Comparing films within the same group
  and between groups has several benefits.

• So what do the academics say about genre?....
Genre is not clear cut                              Christine Gledhill

• There are no 'rigid rules of inclusion and
  exclusion‘ (Gledhill, 1985).

• 'Genres... are not discrete systems, consisting
  of a fixed number of listable items‘ (Gledhill,
  1985).

• It is difficult to make clear-cut distinctions
  between one genre and another: genres
  overlap, and there are 'mixed genres' such as
  comedy-thrillers (Chandler, 2000) .
                                                    Daniel Chandler
Genre is about repetition & difference
• Particular features which are characteristic of a
  genre are not normally unique to it; it is their
  relative prominence, combination and functions
  which are distinctive (Neale, 1980)
• ‘Genres are instances of repetition and
  difference‘ (Neale, 1980)
• ‘Difference is absolutely essential to the
  economy of genre' (Neale, 1980) - Mere
  repetition would not attract an audience.           Stephen Neale

Now apply this to your own work - What elements
can be seen as repetition of genre conventions and
what can be seen as difference?
GENRE - Lacey’s Repetoire of Elements
Lacey considers the 'repertoire of elements' that work in
combination to suggest a media text belongs to a particular
genre or mix of genres.

He provides a useful framework to follow when analysing
genre. Lacey breaks a text down into these five areas to
identify the elements in each:
    – Setting
    – Character
    – Narrative
    – Iconography
    – Style

Remember – Lacey does not see genres as fixed but as
dynamic and changing over time.
                                                              Nick Lacey
GENRE - Lacey’s repetoire of elements
• Narrative: This refers to the story structure as
  well as the specific narrative devices, which
  genres employ (car chases, gunfights, weddings,
  etc.).

• Characters: Narrative is usually developed
  through characters and their functions (hero,
  villain etc). Some characters are so closely
  associated with a genre that they become generic
  types. For example, in horror movies, the ‘final
  girl,’ who maintains her personal dignity, usually
  defeats the psychopath.

                                                       Nick Lacey
GENRE - Lacey’s repetoire of elements
• Setting: Some genres have a distinct location but
  this can be subject to change, for example horror
  films have moved from the gothic to the
  suburban. Genres can also be associated with
  time periods like the gangster films set during
  prohibition in America but successful films have
  updated this.
• Iconography: Films contain visual and audio
  images, which become instantly recognisable and
  associated with the genre. Eg: Gangster films
  feature the iconic ‘Tommy’ gun spraying bullets in
  the hands of a man in a sharp suit usually
  standing on the running board of a car.
                                                       Nick Lacey
GENRE - Lacey’s repertoire of elements
• Style: Iconography refers to the objects but style
  describes the way they are presented. Camera
  angles, editing, lighting and the use of colour all
  contribute to the style of a film.

Now analyse your production work using Lacey’s
theoretical framework:
• What elements can you identify that establish a
   particular genre? (Go through the 5 areas)
• Are there overlapping/mixed genres?
• Is it difficult to categorise your work by genre?
• Do you challenge genre conventions?

                                                        Nick Lacey
Quick recap on genre…
• Nick Lacey considers the 'repertoire
  of elements' in relation to:
  – Setting
  – Character
  – Narrative
  – Iconography
  – Style

                                         Nick Lacey
Now you have explored genre as a
 concept and applied it to your work,
do you think there any problems with
        the genre approach?

      Discuss in small groups.

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Genre lesson slides 2012

  • 1. Key Media Concept - Genre Starter: Why can genre be considered useful to each of the following: 1. Film producers? 2. Distributors/marketers? 3. Audiences?
  • 2. Producers like genre because: • They can cash in on popular genres – avoid unpopular ones (not fool proof – they can get it wrong!). • Its easier to raise funding for genre films . • It can be easier/cheaper to write films – many genres rely on a particular formula or are more driven by fx than dialogue. • Film industry can exploit writers of popular books – writers are often associated with a particular genre e.g. John Grisham law based thrillers, Stephen King psychological/supernatural horror. • It can be easier to choose and market stars who are known for films in a particular genre. • It is easier for them to make films in the same genre. • It helps them predict expenditure & minimise risk
  • 3. Distributors/marketers like genre because: • They can market the film using stars connected to a genre. • They can use genre signifiers in trailers and posters. • It can be easier to predict and target an audience through genre films • It can be easier to reach a target audience - cinema trailers are often similar genres to the one you’re watching
  • 4. Audiences like genre because: • It helps them choose/categorise • Prediction, expectation anticipation • A sense of expectation , pleasure and anticipation also comes from the repetition of key elements • Even when genre conventions are broken, the success of this depends on us knowing the ‘rules’ in the first place. Pleasure from surprise. • Often genres have thematic pleasures – issues of law and order will be debated in a western and (usually) good will triumph over evil. • Detective films depict crime, but reassuringly lock up the wrongdoers by the end of the film, and so on – genre films often play out audiences fears and anxieties in a ‘safe’ way, or allow audiences to laugh at other’s misfortunes in a comedy for example. • Audiences want a mix of the familiar and the new in genre films
  • 5. Genre as an academic approach • Genre is a critical tool, a concept that helps scholars to study films and filmmaking as well as audiences’ response to film. It has been used since Ancient Greek times when plays and poetry were arranged into tragedies or comedies. • Genre study allows a form of scientific methodology to be used in studying things, which display similarities. Comparing films within the same group and between groups has several benefits. • So what do the academics say about genre?....
  • 6. Genre is not clear cut Christine Gledhill • There are no 'rigid rules of inclusion and exclusion‘ (Gledhill, 1985). • 'Genres... are not discrete systems, consisting of a fixed number of listable items‘ (Gledhill, 1985). • It is difficult to make clear-cut distinctions between one genre and another: genres overlap, and there are 'mixed genres' such as comedy-thrillers (Chandler, 2000) . Daniel Chandler
  • 7. Genre is about repetition & difference • Particular features which are characteristic of a genre are not normally unique to it; it is their relative prominence, combination and functions which are distinctive (Neale, 1980) • ‘Genres are instances of repetition and difference‘ (Neale, 1980) • ‘Difference is absolutely essential to the economy of genre' (Neale, 1980) - Mere repetition would not attract an audience. Stephen Neale Now apply this to your own work - What elements can be seen as repetition of genre conventions and what can be seen as difference?
  • 8. GENRE - Lacey’s Repetoire of Elements Lacey considers the 'repertoire of elements' that work in combination to suggest a media text belongs to a particular genre or mix of genres. He provides a useful framework to follow when analysing genre. Lacey breaks a text down into these five areas to identify the elements in each: – Setting – Character – Narrative – Iconography – Style Remember – Lacey does not see genres as fixed but as dynamic and changing over time. Nick Lacey
  • 9. GENRE - Lacey’s repetoire of elements • Narrative: This refers to the story structure as well as the specific narrative devices, which genres employ (car chases, gunfights, weddings, etc.). • Characters: Narrative is usually developed through characters and their functions (hero, villain etc). Some characters are so closely associated with a genre that they become generic types. For example, in horror movies, the ‘final girl,’ who maintains her personal dignity, usually defeats the psychopath. Nick Lacey
  • 10. GENRE - Lacey’s repetoire of elements • Setting: Some genres have a distinct location but this can be subject to change, for example horror films have moved from the gothic to the suburban. Genres can also be associated with time periods like the gangster films set during prohibition in America but successful films have updated this. • Iconography: Films contain visual and audio images, which become instantly recognisable and associated with the genre. Eg: Gangster films feature the iconic ‘Tommy’ gun spraying bullets in the hands of a man in a sharp suit usually standing on the running board of a car. Nick Lacey
  • 11. GENRE - Lacey’s repertoire of elements • Style: Iconography refers to the objects but style describes the way they are presented. Camera angles, editing, lighting and the use of colour all contribute to the style of a film. Now analyse your production work using Lacey’s theoretical framework: • What elements can you identify that establish a particular genre? (Go through the 5 areas) • Are there overlapping/mixed genres? • Is it difficult to categorise your work by genre? • Do you challenge genre conventions? Nick Lacey
  • 12. Quick recap on genre… • Nick Lacey considers the 'repertoire of elements' in relation to: – Setting – Character – Narrative – Iconography – Style Nick Lacey
  • 13. Now you have explored genre as a concept and applied it to your work, do you think there any problems with the genre approach? Discuss in small groups.