Educational Material of Vietnam Blended Learning Program, undertaken by Institute of Energy Science, with support of World Bank and Vietnam Development Information Center
1. The World Bank in Vietnam
Th W ld B k i Vi
Vietnam D
Vi t
Development I f
l
t Information Center
ti
C t
Vietnam Blended Learning Program
Carbon Offset & Carbon Finance Opportunities for Viet Nam
Proposed by:
UQ SMART – The University of Queensland (Australia)
Institute of Energy Science (Vietnam)
2. Sc edu e
Schedule
Part 1 – Carbon Offsets?
Part 2 – The CDM & Other Standards
Part 3 – Carbon Markets
Part 4 – Carbon Finance
Part 5 – Opportunities for Vietnam
4. Ca bo O sets
Carbon Offsets?
REDUCED EMISSIONS
-
energy efficiency
materials efficiency
pollution management
investment in new technologies
AVOIDED EMISSIONS
- fuel switch
- redesign business processes
- onsite RE energy generation
OFFSET EMISSIONS
-
carbon, capture and storage
revegetation
soil carbon
forestry
Tonnes of CO2-e
AVOIDED, REDUCED
or OFFSET
-
measured
modelled
verified
insured
registered
certified
traded
cleared
settled
registered
5. Ca bo O sets
Carbon Offsets?
PERMITS
•
Auctioned by the
government in
accordance with
the scheme cap /
target
•
Both 1 unit = 1tCO2e
OFFSETS
•
Both financial
instruments / assets
•
•
Both may be used for
compliance (subject
to rules)
Issued under
carbon offset
schemes for
projects that
sequester or avoid
GHG emissions
6. Ca bo O sets
Carbon Offsets?
VOLUNTARY
COMPLIANCE
7. 7 Carbon Management Options
Ca bo
a age e t Opt o s
Buy Auction Permits
Buy Secondary
Market Permits
Shutdown Business
Bank P
B k Permits
it
Voluntary
Options
Exercise Abatement
Options
Buy Offsets
Compliance
Options
8. Co p a ce Offsets
Compliance O sets
What types of offsets
can a liable entity
typically use?
9. Co p a ce Offsets
Compliance O sets
CDM
JI
LULUCF
Kyoto IET
Certified
Emission
E i i
Reductions
Emission
Reduction
Units
Removal
Units
U it
Assigned
Amount
A
Units
10. Voluntary Offsets
o u ta y O sets
What types of offsets can an
entity typically use for
voluntary purposes?
11. Voluntary Offsets
o u ta y O sets
CDM
JI
LULUCF
Certified
Emission
Reductions
Emission
Reduction
Units
Removal
Units
12. Voluntary Offsets
o u ta y O sets
Case Study: National Carbon Offset
Standard
Many organisations claiming to be “carbon neutral”, “low carbon” etc for the
purpose of demonstrating CSR or exercising a competitive advantage
advantage.
Unfortunately, many of these claims not-credible and false and misleading to
the public and have undermined the credibility off carbon offset markets.
Australian Government started cracking down (+$1m fines and possible
imprisonment) on organisations who make false claims.
Australia Government (DCCEE) withdrew the Greenhouse Friendly Scheme
and introduced the National Carbon Offset Standard (NCOS) as a Quality
Assurance Scheme. Principally. the NCOS principal sets out:
How to measure a carbon footprint (Scopes 1+2+3); &
The types of offsets that can be used to make a “low carbon claim”.
low
claim
13. Voluntary Offsets
o u ta y O sets
Case Study: National Carbon Offset
Standard
The objective of NCOS is to “ensure the environmental integrity of the carbon
offsets and carbon neutral products available in the Australian voluntary
market for consumers and businesses alike”.
Carbon Management under NCOS focuses more on Measure, Offset and Verify
(usually MACCs not used), given the cheap cost of offsets (e.g. $4 50).
used)
(e g $4-50)
The NCOS carbon neutral program (certification scheme) is administered by
Low Carbon Australia.
www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/~/media/publications/carbon
accounting/revised-NCOS-standard-2010-pdf.ashx
14. Offsets: Registration - Retirement
1) Emissions reduction activity occurs
2) Carbon offsets created (validated & issued
under applicable standard e.g. CDM, VCS etc)
3) Created in REGISTRY
4a) Sold via OTC
market (ERPA)
4b) Sold via broker
4c) Sold via Exchange
5) Entity who is liable or engaging in voluntary
action retires carbon offset unit from REGISTRY in
its name
Entity d
E tit reduces it li bilit or meets carbon claim
its liability
t
b
l i
4d) Banked
15. Important Concepts
Co-benefits - whether the project provides additional benefits e.g.
sustainable development such as new infrastructure for remote communities.
Validation and verification - the project must receive independent
verification and the verifier must be an accredited and recognized
independent third party.
Transparency - carbon credits should be supported by publicly available
project documentation on a registry.
Retirement – Essentially means that the carbon offset cannot be used
again. Various methods of retirement exist. In the
voluntary market, a paper trail is often used (e.g.
certificate or receipts), however increasingly, online
receipts)
increasingly
registries are used to retire credits from the market.
Vintage - The vintage is the year in which the carbon reduction takes place.
16. Important Concepts
Leakage - Changes in emissions that take place beyond the boundary of the
project but are attributable to the project activity are called emissions
‘leakage’.
Additionality – Additionality is a key concept in evaluating whether or not
an offset project leads to real and measurable GHG reductions. To be
regarded as a valid offset, a project must be p
g
, p j
proven to be ‘additional’ to
what would have occurred anyway e.g. a routine upgrade of equipment or
response to a regulatory requirement cannot be regarded as additional.
Financial Additionality: the project needs to go beyond BAU. A
BAU
standard test for this is if the project is financially viable without the
offset funding i.e. does it require carbon offsets to make it viable?
Regulatory Additionality: the project needs to go beyond existing
legal requirements.
17. Important Concepts
“Baseline & Credit”
GHG emissions
ERUs / CERs
generated
Emissions under project activity
JI or CDM project
Time
18. Issues
Sin Tax – A way for the guilty to pay for their ‘indulgence’ without changing their
behavior.
Double Counting - the same offset being sold two or three times on, and when a
two businesses claim the same reduction
reduction.
Lack of whole-of-industry standard – there are dodgy offsets and “carbon
cowboys”.
Forward selling – There is wait between establishing a forest and getting offsets.
Some project developers forward sell ‘phantom offsets’ that do not exist as yet
(and may never).
never)
Permanence – It is difficult to guarantee the permanence of the forests, which
may be susceptible to clearing (both legal/illegal), burning, or mismanagement.
This also a common issue with soli carbon.
Monitoring Reporting & Verification (MRV) – difficult in assuring that offsets
are of a high-quality and are ‘real’ and measurable especially in developing
high quality
real
measurable,
countries e.g. REDD.
20. Joint Implementation (JI)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
flexible abatement mechanisms
International
Emissions
Trading
Assigned Amount Units (AAUs)
Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)
Certified Emission Reductions
(CERs)
Joint Implementation
p
(JI)
Emission Reduction units
(ERUs)
21. Joint Implementation (JI)
Approved b government in ‘
d by
‘tracks’ rather than continuously
k ’
h
h
l
Very few projects, but potentially large amounts of credits (industrialised countries only)
Big issues around “h air” from Soviet projects and influence on EU-ETS carbon price
d “hot
”f
S
d fl
S
b
No biosequestration projects….
Big d b
Bi debate on whether new non-kyoto country (e.g. R
h h
k
(
Russia) ERU should be ‘valid’
i ) ERUs h ld b ‘ lid’
22. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
KYOTO PROTOCOL
flexible abatement mechanisms
International
Emissions
Trading
Assigned Amount Units (AAUs)
Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM)
Certified Emission Reductions
(CERs)
Joint Implementation
p
(JI)
Emission Reduction units
(ERUs)
23. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Recap: Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol
p
y
- 2 goals (reduce emissions & increase sustainable development)
project-bases, ‘baseline and credit’
entities in industrialised nations may invest in GHG-mitigation
projects in developing countries e.g. Australia > Philippines
entities earn abatement credits called Certified Emissions
Reductions (CERs)
27. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Types of Projects
CERs until 2012 – project type
CERs until 2012 – country
28. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – 8 Criteria
1. Voluntary participation e.g. not under duress.
2.
Approval by each party involved in the project- requiring issuing of
Letter of Approval (LoA) that project meets Host Country’s sustainability
requirements.
3.
3
“real measurable and long-term benefits on climate change mitigation
real,
long term benefits”
4.
GHG reductions “additional to any that would occur in the absence of
the project activity”.
5.
Must not result in diversion of Overseas Development Assistance
6.
6
Both public and private entities can participate, subject to EB supervision
participate
7.
Nuclear excluded. EU-ETS no more HFC destruction from mid 2013.
8. Is your project based in an LDC?
29. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Participants
Project Developer – usually private entity i.e. consultant
Project Investor – provision of equity / debt
CER purchaser – e.g. liable entity in Australia
Host Parties – non Annex I country e.g. China
Designated National Authority (DNA) – approves projects via LoA
Designated Operational Entity (DOE) – assured methodologies
CDM Executive Board (EB) – approves project & CERs
30. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – 6 Key Stages
Important links:
- http://cdmrulebook.org/
- http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.html
1. Design
- prepare a Project Design Document (PDD) using an approved template.
- the PDD must use an approved baseline and methodology
methodology.
- project must be approved by the Host Country DNA.
2. Validation
- the PDD must be independently audited by a DOE against CDM rules.
- PDD must be made available for public comment.
31. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – 6 Key Stages
3. Registration
- if the DOE is satisfied, a request is made for registration of the project
satisfied
to the EB.
- if no review is requested by 3 or more members of the EB it is
automatically registered after 8 weeks.
4. Monitoring
- once registered the proponent is required to monitor the project in
accordance with the monitoring plan contained in the PDD. Focus on
parameters that impact on the greenhouse gas emission reductions.
32. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – 6 Key Stages
5. Verification and Certification
- periodic independent review of GHG reductions during verification period.
- verification ensures that the proponent is only credited with the
emission reductions that have actually occurred.
- figure could differ from the estimated emission reductions contained in the PDD
- following verification, DOE certifies to the EB that the verified no. of
verification
no
emission reductions has been achieved.
6. Issuance
- upon receipt of the certification report, the EB issues the CERs into
the proponent’s account within the CDM Registry.
33. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Additionality
Emissions abatement from a CDM project must be additional to
abatement that would occur in the project’s absence.
Requires proof that abatement achieved by the project would not have
occurred if the project had not been registered under the CDM.
Executive Board has developed a tool for demonstrating and assessing
p
g
g
additionality.
A complex and difficult step in the CDM process
34. D
Develo
oping a CD pro
g
DM
oject –
Addition
nality
y
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
35. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Costs
Project developer
$30 – 100K+
Legal costs
$10 – 100K
DNA
CER purchaser
e.g. liable entity
DOE
$10 – 15K+
CDM EB
Project developer
$10 – 15K+ / annum
CDM EB
2% of CERs / annum
Secondary
market
2-5% brokerage
ERPA
DOE
36. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Risk
Counterparty
Project
CDM
Process
Delivery
-
-
-
-
credit
country
authority
g g
language
law
reputation
bundling
currency
expropriation
immunities
industry
liabilities
tax
country
approvals
compliance
p
ownership
structure
O&M
MRV
- science
- performance
- catastrophe
Registry/ITL
fees/charges
methodology
EB discretion
issuance
timing
post 2012
LoAs
additionality
shortfalls
failures
price
allocation
Registry/ITL
payment
Enforcement
-
mechanism
leverage
language
law
decision-maker
conflict of laws
collection
37. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Risk
Counterparty
Project
CDM
Process
Delivery
-
-
-
-
credit
country
authority
g g
language
law
reputation
bundling
currency
expropriation
immunities
industry
liabilities
tax
country
approvals
compliance
p
ownership
structure
O&M
MRV
- science
- performance
- catastrophe
Registry/ITL
fees/charges
methodology
EB discretion
issuance
timing
post 2012
LoAs
additionality
shortfalls
failures
price
allocation
Registry/ITL
payment
Enforcement
-
mechanism
leverage
language
law
decision-maker
conflict of laws
collection
38. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM p j
p g
project – ERPA
A transaction that transfers carbon credits between two
parties under the Kyoto Protocol.
d
h
l
The buyer pays the seller cash in exchange for carbon
credits, thereby allowing the purchaser to emit more carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere.
The standards for this agreements are outlined by the International
Emissions T di
E i i
Trading A
Association.
i ti
CER ERPA template available at:
http://wbcarbonfinance.org/Router.cfm?Page=DocLib&CatalogID=28153
39. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Developing a CDM project – Criticism
CDM has been criticised for not meeting sustainable development
goals e.g. large scale hydro (LSH) in China and HFC destruction
additionality process stringent but can be manipulated
yp
g
p
this will likely lead to have greater transparency
EU-ETS vested interests means most likely continue beyond 2012
EU-ETS however may only look to offsets from LDCs.
43. Carbon Markets
Future of the CDM & CERs
- Usage of CERs post 2012 only for Kyoto 2 signatories
- Price currently very low, around 20 - 40 euro cents (more expensive,
g
greener p
product)
)
- Price to remain low / volatile for a while yet…
- Some schemes only allow CERs from LDCs….
- 12.5% use under Australia’s Clean Energy Future…
43
44. Carbon Markets
How big is the offset market?
http://web.wor
rldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/T
TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EX
TCARBONFINANCE/0,,contentMDK:23206428~m
menuPK:5575595
5~pagePK
:64168445~piPK:64168309~th
heSitePK:4125853~isCURL:Y,00.h
html
45. Carbon Markets
How big is the offset market?
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTCARBONFINANCE/0,,contentMDK:2320642
8~menuPK:5575595~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:4125853~isCURL:Y,00.html
49. Carbon Finance
REDD+
Deforestation and forest degradation account for nearly 20% of global
greenhouse gas emissions.
REDD designed to use market/financial incentives in order to reduce
the emissions of GHG from deforestation and forest degradation. Can
also deliver "co-benefits" such as biodiversity conservation and poverty
co-benefits
alleviation e.g. REDD+
W ld Bank and th UN setting up th b i f th carbon market and
World B k d the
tti
the basis for the
b
k t d
the legal and governance frameworks of countries receiving REDD.
REDD currently undertaken by national or local governments, dominant
NGOs, the private sector, or any combination of these e.g. Norway
$500m International Climate & Forests Initiative. Potential as a broadranging ‘offset’ scheme, however issues with MRV and permanence.
50. Carbon Finance
Green Climate Fund
Launched at COP17, objective to raise $100 billion a year by 2020. To
kick-start environmental projects, a Fast Start Funding of the GCF was
agreed, encompassing $30 billi for the period 2010-2012.
d
i
billion f
h
i d 2010 2012
Based in South Korea, the Fund will provide simplified and improved
access to funding, including direct access, basing its activities on a
country-driven approach and will encourage the involvement of relevant
stakeholders, including vulnerable groups and addressing gender aspects.
g
g p
gg
p
The Green Climate Fund was designated as an operating entity of the
financial mechanism of the UNFCCC, in accordance with Article 11 of
the Convention.
Administered via Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs)
(NAMAs),
REDD+, buying up CERs and other schemes.
52. Carbon Finance
World Bank Carbon Funding
PROJECT NAME
VALUE
The Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF)
$219.8M
The C
Th Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF)
i D
l
C b
F d
$128.6M
$128 6M
The BioCarbon Fund (BioCF)
T1 = $53.8M
T2 = $36.6M
The Italian Carbon Fund (ICF)
$155.6M
The Danish Carbon Fund (DCF)
The Spanish Carbon Fund (SCF)
The Umbrella Carbon Facility (UCF)
€90M
T1 = €220M
T1 = €799.1M
T2 = €70M
T2 = €112.5M
The Carbon Fund for Europe (CFE)
Forest Carbon Partnership facility (FCPF)
Carbon Partnership Facility (
p
y (CPF)
)
Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR)
Source: The World Bank Carbon Finance Unit (2013):
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTCARBONFINAN
CE/0,,contentMDK:22974424~menuPK:5213558~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~the
SitePK:4125853~isCURL:Y,00.html
€50M
$447M
€143.5M
$70M
53. Carbon Finance
World Bank Carbon Funding
Funded by OECD countries.
Purchasing of emissions reduction units through the Carbon Finance Unit
(CFU).
CFU contracts to buy emissions reduction units
Within framework of Kyoto Protocal under CDM or JI (Joint
Implementation) methodologies.
Diversity of project types and co-benefits (eg: biodiversity conservation,
sustainable development & poverty alleviation).
54. Carbon Finance
EIB Carbon Funding
Recently raised its carbon finance commitment, with USD$20b available
next three years to kick-start low carbon projects e.g. biogas, solar PV,
energy efficiency