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Challenges of
TRANSLATIO
N
m n RAJU
అనువాదము μετάφραση
ಅನುವಾದ перевод
अनुवाद Übersetzung
અનુવાદ traduzione
অনুবাদ
översättnin
भाषांतर करणे翻译
ெமாழிெபயரபப 翻訳
mnRAJU
Challenges of Translation
 What is Translation?
 Why Translation?
 What is Good Translation?
 Skills of Translation
 Kinds of Translation
Challenges of Translation
mnRAJU
What is Translation?
the skilful art of re-creating
an equivalent message
of a work of art
originally created
in one language
in another language.
equivalent, sensitive and natural
mnRAJU
Translating is Connecting
Translation is an intimate encounter
between
Two creative souls
Two languages
Two cultures
Two styles
Two spaces
Two generations
mnRAJU
Why Translation?
 Living languages in the world - 6,912
 Languages spoken in India - about 1,600
 Indian languages spoken by more than 10,000 Indians - 211
 The 1948 UN Universal Declaration Of Human Rights has
been translated into the most (321) languages and dialects.
 Country with the most languages spoken: Papua New
Guinea (841)
 Language with the most words: English (approx. 250,000
distinct words)
 Language with the fewest words: Taki Taki, also called
Sranan (only 340 words)
mnRAJU
Why Translation?
• To ‘affect’ larger audiences
• Equitable access to information
• Social justice & life-saving needs
• Promoting mother tongues
• Reviving dead/dying languages
• Historical changes in languages
• Greater financial rewards
mnRAJU
A Good Translator
₌ Bilingual, Bicultural Proficiency
₌ Transparency in grammar, syntax and idiom
₌ Thorough Perception of theText/Content
₌ Loyalty to Intention, emotion, style
₌ Artistic Correspondence
₌ Fidelity to Detail and Faithfulness toText
₌ Aesthetics Matching the Original
mnRAJU
If a translation is
beautiful, it is not
faithful; and if it is
faithful, it is not
beautiful. - Russian axiom
Ad verbum vs ad sensum
Metaphrase or paraphrase?
mnRAJU
The Ordeal of Translation
Few foreign masterpieces can have suffered more
than Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin from the English
translator’s failure to convey anything more than–
at best–the literal meaning. It is as if a sound-proof
wall separated Pushkin’s poetic novel from the
English-reading world.There is a whole magic
which goes by default; the touching lyrical beauty,
the cynical wit of the poem; the psychological
insight, the devious narrative skill, the thrilling
compulsive grip of the novel; the tremendous gusto
and swing and panache of the whole performance.
- Samuel Johnson
mnRAJU
Translation Skills
Comprehension
Interpretation
Re-wording (writing)
− Synonymy
− Transfer
− Reduction
− Expansion
− compensation
Equivalence
− literal where possible
− paraphrastic where necessary
mnRAJU
Kinds of Translation
Machine Translation
Dictionary/Grammar approach
Statistical Matching approach
Crowdsourcing approach
mnRAJU
Disasters of Machine Translation
mnRAJU
Machine Howlers
“Please Don't Make MeToo Happy”
To Spanish and back to English:
I RequestTo Me NotTo GoToo Much Behind Lucky Person
To German and back to English:
PleaseTo Me Do Not Go BackToo Lucky
To Italian and back to English:
I PrayTo Me NotTo Go BehindToo Much Fortunate
To Portuguese and back to English:
I Pray Me NotTo GoToo Much Behind Fortunate
To French and back to English:
Please Not ReturnTo MeToo Happy
mnRAJU
Translation – Some Challenges
 Linguistic untranslatability
 Cultural untranslatability
 Source text
 Illegible/unreadable
 Misspelled
 Unfinished/fragmentary
 Unintelligible/incomprehensible
 Language
 Idioms & coinages
 Acronyms & abbreviations
 Slang & archaisms
 Grammar, syntax, punctuation
 Proper nouns
 Ambiguities
 Time, effort and Expenditure
mnRAJU
Challenges of Translation
≠ Lexical
≠ Structural
≠ Cultural
≠ Ethical
≠ Political
≠ Ambiguity
mnRAJU
Lexical Challenges
Words
Idioms
Phrases
Collocations
Contextualizing lexical items
≠ Bilingual/Translating dictionaries
mnRAJU
Astounding Alternatives
Choice depends on context and topic
Two trucks loaded with thousands of copies of Roget's
Thesaurus collided as they left a New York publishing
house last Thursday, according to the Associated Press.
Witnesses were aghast, amazed, astonished, astounded,
bemused, benumbed, bewildered, confounded,
confused, dazed, dazzled, disconcerted, disoriented,
dumbstruck, electrified, flabbergasted, horrified,
immobilized, incredulous, nonplussed, overwhelmed,
paralyzed, perplexed, scared, shocked, startled, stunned,
stupefied, surprised, taken aback, traumatized,
upset. . . .
mnRAJU
Structural Challenges
Grammatical
particles like
articles
tenses
case markers
number
gender etc.
are not identical in
every language.
mnRAJU
Cultural Challenges
 Cultural variation leads to linguistic variation
 Terms deeply rooted in culture
 No equivalents in target culture/language
mnRAJU
Ethical Challenges
Translator’s ethical attitudes
 Personal values and beliefs
 Errors in the source text
 Dangers of misinterpretation
mnRAJU
Political Challenges
 Generating meanings not inherent
 Using for political ends
(Confucius used secular texts for
philosophical purposes)
mnRAJU
Ambiguity Challenges
Linguistic
Diction
Structure
Thematic
Hazy thought
Inept rendition
I saw an Indian dance.
mnRAJU
Indian Literature in Translation
 multi-lingual nation
 diverse social, cultural factors
 wide variety of themes, genres
 official language
State funded agencies
Sahitya Academy
National Book Trust
mnRAJU
Translation Humor
In a Paris hotel elevator:
Please leave your values at the front desk.
In a Norwegian cocktail lounge:
Ladies are requested not to have children in the bar.
In an Acapulco hotel:
The manager has personally passed all the water served
here.
In a Bucharest hotel lobby:
The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we
regret that you will be unbearable.
Outside a Hong Kong tailor shop:
Ladies may have a fit upstairs.
In a Copenhagen airline ticket office:
We take your bags and send them in all directions.
mnRAJU
Future Focus
• How are Cyberspace and electronic translation shaping up the
locus of translation production?
• What role should the translator play amidst the increasing
emergence of computer translation software?
• Should translators modify traditional theories or come up with
new theories of translation to meet the new challenges?
• What role do translators play in a global cultures?
• What are the future prerequisites for building a career in
translation?
• How are shifts in technology, international politics and
economics translated in a manner which preserves the cultural
identity of the source and target languages?
• What are the limitations of translation and interpretation
activities on each nation compared to the global scenario?
• What is the role of mass media in advancing proper translations?
mnRAJU
Exercise 1
Translate this
sentence
into your mother tongue.
mnRAJU
Send your comments to
lionnagaraju@gmail.com
This slideshow is available at
www.authorstream.com/tag/lionnagaraju
www.slideshare.net/lionnagaraju
Thank You

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Challenges of Translation

  • 1. Challenges of TRANSLATIO N m n RAJU అనువాదము μετάφραση ಅನುವಾದ перевод अनुवाद Übersetzung અનુવાદ traduzione অনুবাদ översättnin भाषांतर करणे翻译 ெமாழிெபயரபப 翻訳
  • 2. mnRAJU Challenges of Translation  What is Translation?  Why Translation?  What is Good Translation?  Skills of Translation  Kinds of Translation Challenges of Translation
  • 3. mnRAJU What is Translation? the skilful art of re-creating an equivalent message of a work of art originally created in one language in another language. equivalent, sensitive and natural
  • 4. mnRAJU Translating is Connecting Translation is an intimate encounter between Two creative souls Two languages Two cultures Two styles Two spaces Two generations
  • 5. mnRAJU Why Translation?  Living languages in the world - 6,912  Languages spoken in India - about 1,600  Indian languages spoken by more than 10,000 Indians - 211  The 1948 UN Universal Declaration Of Human Rights has been translated into the most (321) languages and dialects.  Country with the most languages spoken: Papua New Guinea (841)  Language with the most words: English (approx. 250,000 distinct words)  Language with the fewest words: Taki Taki, also called Sranan (only 340 words)
  • 6. mnRAJU Why Translation? • To ‘affect’ larger audiences • Equitable access to information • Social justice & life-saving needs • Promoting mother tongues • Reviving dead/dying languages • Historical changes in languages • Greater financial rewards
  • 7. mnRAJU A Good Translator ₌ Bilingual, Bicultural Proficiency ₌ Transparency in grammar, syntax and idiom ₌ Thorough Perception of theText/Content ₌ Loyalty to Intention, emotion, style ₌ Artistic Correspondence ₌ Fidelity to Detail and Faithfulness toText ₌ Aesthetics Matching the Original
  • 8. mnRAJU If a translation is beautiful, it is not faithful; and if it is faithful, it is not beautiful. - Russian axiom Ad verbum vs ad sensum Metaphrase or paraphrase?
  • 9. mnRAJU The Ordeal of Translation Few foreign masterpieces can have suffered more than Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin from the English translator’s failure to convey anything more than– at best–the literal meaning. It is as if a sound-proof wall separated Pushkin’s poetic novel from the English-reading world.There is a whole magic which goes by default; the touching lyrical beauty, the cynical wit of the poem; the psychological insight, the devious narrative skill, the thrilling compulsive grip of the novel; the tremendous gusto and swing and panache of the whole performance. - Samuel Johnson
  • 10. mnRAJU Translation Skills Comprehension Interpretation Re-wording (writing) − Synonymy − Transfer − Reduction − Expansion − compensation Equivalence − literal where possible − paraphrastic where necessary
  • 11. mnRAJU Kinds of Translation Machine Translation Dictionary/Grammar approach Statistical Matching approach Crowdsourcing approach
  • 13. mnRAJU Machine Howlers “Please Don't Make MeToo Happy” To Spanish and back to English: I RequestTo Me NotTo GoToo Much Behind Lucky Person To German and back to English: PleaseTo Me Do Not Go BackToo Lucky To Italian and back to English: I PrayTo Me NotTo Go BehindToo Much Fortunate To Portuguese and back to English: I Pray Me NotTo GoToo Much Behind Fortunate To French and back to English: Please Not ReturnTo MeToo Happy
  • 14. mnRAJU Translation – Some Challenges  Linguistic untranslatability  Cultural untranslatability  Source text  Illegible/unreadable  Misspelled  Unfinished/fragmentary  Unintelligible/incomprehensible  Language  Idioms & coinages  Acronyms & abbreviations  Slang & archaisms  Grammar, syntax, punctuation  Proper nouns  Ambiguities  Time, effort and Expenditure
  • 15. mnRAJU Challenges of Translation ≠ Lexical ≠ Structural ≠ Cultural ≠ Ethical ≠ Political ≠ Ambiguity
  • 17. mnRAJU Astounding Alternatives Choice depends on context and topic Two trucks loaded with thousands of copies of Roget's Thesaurus collided as they left a New York publishing house last Thursday, according to the Associated Press. Witnesses were aghast, amazed, astonished, astounded, bemused, benumbed, bewildered, confounded, confused, dazed, dazzled, disconcerted, disoriented, dumbstruck, electrified, flabbergasted, horrified, immobilized, incredulous, nonplussed, overwhelmed, paralyzed, perplexed, scared, shocked, startled, stunned, stupefied, surprised, taken aback, traumatized, upset. . . .
  • 18. mnRAJU Structural Challenges Grammatical particles like articles tenses case markers number gender etc. are not identical in every language.
  • 19. mnRAJU Cultural Challenges  Cultural variation leads to linguistic variation  Terms deeply rooted in culture  No equivalents in target culture/language
  • 20. mnRAJU Ethical Challenges Translator’s ethical attitudes  Personal values and beliefs  Errors in the source text  Dangers of misinterpretation
  • 21. mnRAJU Political Challenges  Generating meanings not inherent  Using for political ends (Confucius used secular texts for philosophical purposes)
  • 23. mnRAJU Indian Literature in Translation  multi-lingual nation  diverse social, cultural factors  wide variety of themes, genres  official language State funded agencies Sahitya Academy National Book Trust
  • 24. mnRAJU Translation Humor In a Paris hotel elevator: Please leave your values at the front desk. In a Norwegian cocktail lounge: Ladies are requested not to have children in the bar. In an Acapulco hotel: The manager has personally passed all the water served here. In a Bucharest hotel lobby: The lift is being fixed for the next day. During that time we regret that you will be unbearable. Outside a Hong Kong tailor shop: Ladies may have a fit upstairs. In a Copenhagen airline ticket office: We take your bags and send them in all directions.
  • 25. mnRAJU Future Focus • How are Cyberspace and electronic translation shaping up the locus of translation production? • What role should the translator play amidst the increasing emergence of computer translation software? • Should translators modify traditional theories or come up with new theories of translation to meet the new challenges? • What role do translators play in a global cultures? • What are the future prerequisites for building a career in translation? • How are shifts in technology, international politics and economics translated in a manner which preserves the cultural identity of the source and target languages? • What are the limitations of translation and interpretation activities on each nation compared to the global scenario? • What is the role of mass media in advancing proper translations?
  • 27. mnRAJU Send your comments to lionnagaraju@gmail.com This slideshow is available at www.authorstream.com/tag/lionnagaraju www.slideshare.net/lionnagaraju Thank You

Editor's Notes

  1. Knowing how to speak two languages is not the same thing as knowing how to translate. Translation is a special skill that professionals work hard to develop. A secular icon for the art of translation is the Rosetta Stone. This trilingual (hieroglyphic-Egyptian, demotic-Egyptian, ancient-Greek) stele became the translator's key to decryption of Egyptian hieroglyphs by Thomas Young, Jean-François Champollion and others.
  2. Just think of what could happen in cases of serious inadequacy in knowledge areas such as science, medicine, legal matters, or technology.
  3. It will always depend on the context and the topic, but in addition and especially with adjectives and descriptive language it will also be a subjective choice of how a word should be interpreted, which can be difficult and even dangerous when speaking in another language as you never can be really sure if the word you have chosen totally fulfils and conveys the meaning, message and emotion that you want it to portray.