The introduction to Kernel Programming session that was made in eglug's

7. Example – Fileops VFS USER KERNEL DRIVER/FS MODULE fleops { myopen myread myclose } Register deregister myopen (FILE) myread myclose M,M:FOPS open(fd) read write

9. struct vfsmount * vfs_kern_mount( struct file_system_type *type, int flags, const char *name, void *data) { struct vfsmount *mnt; int error; mnt = alloc_vfsmnt(name); ... error = type->get_sb(type, flags, name, data, mnt); ... mnt->mnt_mountpoint = mnt->mnt_root; ... return mnt; } static struct file_system_type ** find_filesystem (const char *name, unsigned len) { struct file_system_type **p; for (p=&file_systems; *p; p=&(*p)->next) if (strlen((*p)->name) == len && strncmp((*p)->name, name, len) == 0) break; return p; } struct vfsmount * do_kern_mount( const char *fstype, int flags, const char *name, void *data) { struct file_system_type *type = get_fs_type(fstype); struct vfsmount *mnt; ... mnt = vfs_kern_mount(type, flags, name, data); ... return mnt; } int register_filesystem(struct file_system_type * fs) { int res = 0; struct file_system_type ** p; ... INIT_LIST_HEAD(&fs->fs_supers); write_lock(&file_systems_lock); p = find_filesystem(fs->name, strlen(fs->name)); if (*p) res = -EBUSY; else *p = fs; write_unlock(&file_systems_lock); return res; } struct file_system_type *get_fs_type(const char *name) { struct file_system_type *fs; unsigned len = ... strlen(name); read_lock(&file_systems_lock); fs = *(find_filesystem(name, len)); read_unlock(&file_systems_lock); if (!fs && (request_module("%.*s", len, name) == 0)) { read_lock(&file_systems_lock); fs = *(find_filesystem(name, len)); if (fs && !try_module_get(fs->owner)) fs = NULL; read_unlock(&file_systems_lock); } return fs; } VFS EXT3 static int ext3_get_sb (struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags, const char *dev_name, void *data, struct vfsmount *mnt) { return get_sb_bdev(fs_type, flags, dev_name, data, ext3_fill_super, mnt); } static struct file_system_type ext3_fs_type = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .name = "ext3", .get_sb = ext3_get_sb, .kill_sb = kill_block_super, .fs_flags = FS_REQUIRES_DEV, }; static int __init init_ext3_fs(void) { ... err = register_filesystem (&ext3_fs_type); ... return 0; }

10. Device Model (Bovet et al) SUBSYSTEM kset kobject attribute1 attribute2 ... Scan actions Resource Handler PCI pci_register_driver probe driver_if{ ... probe } register_device

12. Interrupt Handling DRIVER WORKQ handler ISR Initialization Tasklet request_irq Device Interrupt KERNEL PROPER schedule_ work tasklet_ schedule

13. static irqreturn_t ipw_isr(int irq, void *data) { struct ipw_priv *priv = data; u32 inta, inta_mask; ... spin_lock(&priv->irq_lock); ... inta_mask = ipw_read32(priv, IPW_INTA_MASK_R); ... if (!(inta & (IPW_INTA_MASK_ALL & inta_mask))) { ... } __ipw_disable_interrupts(priv); inta &= (IPW_INTA_MASK_ALL & inta_mask); ipw_write32(priv, IPW_INTA_RW, inta); priv->isr_inta = inta; tasklet_schedule(&priv->irq_tasklet); spin_unlock(&priv->irq_lock); return IRQ_HANDLED; } static void ipw_bg_link_down(struct work_struct *work) { struct ipw_priv *priv = container_of(work, struct ipw_priv, link_down); mutex_lock(&priv->mutex); ipw_link_down(priv); mutex_unlock(&priv->mutex); } static void ipw_irq_tasklet(struct ipw_priv *priv) { u32 inta, inta_mask, handled = 0; unsigned long flags; spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->irq_lock, flags); inta = ipw_read32(priv, IPW_INTA_RW); inta_mask = ipw_read32(priv, IPW_INTA_MASK_R); inta &= (IPW_INTA_MASK_ALL & inta_mask); spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->irq_lock, flags); spin_lock_irqsave(&priv->lock, flags); ... if (inta & IPW_INTA_BIT_RF_KILL_DONE) { ... cancel_delayed_work(&priv->request_scan); ... schedule_work(&priv->link_down); queue_delayed_work(priv->workqueue, &priv->rf_kill, 2 * HZ); handled |= IPW_INTA_BIT_RF_KILL_DONE; } ... spin_unlock_irqrestore(&priv->lock, flags); /* enable all interrupts */ ipw_enable_interrupts(priv); } static int __devinit ipw_pci_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *ent) { ... struct ipw_priv *priv; ... err = ipw_setup_deferred_work(priv); ... err = request_irq(pdev->irq, ipw_isr, IRQF_SHARED, DRV_NAME, priv); ... } static int __devinit ipw_setup_deferred_work(struct ipw_priv *priv) { priv->workqueue = create_workqueue(DRV_NAME); ... INIT_WORK(&priv->link_down, ipw_bg_link_down); ... tasklet_init(&priv->irq_tasklet, (void (*)(unsigned long)) ipw_irq_tasklet, (unsigned long)priv); ... } TASKLET ISR WORKQ PROBE

15. asmlinkage long sys_sendmsg(int fd, struct msghdr __user *msg, unsigned flags) { struct compat_msghdr __user *msg_compat = (struct compat_msghdr __user *)msg; struct socket *sock; struct sockaddr_storage address; struct iovec *iov = iovstack; struct msghdr msg_sys; int err, iov_size, fput_needed; ... if (copy_from_user(&msg_sys, msg, sizeof(struct msghdr))) return -EFAULT; ... sock = sockfd_lookup_light(fd, &err, &fput_needed); ... iov_size = msg_sys.msg_iovlen * sizeof(struct iovec); ... iov = sock_kmalloc(sock->sk, iov_size, GFP_KERNEL); ... err = verify_iovec(&msg_sys, iov, (struct sockaddr *)&address, VERIFY_READ); ... err = sock_sendmsg(sock, &msg_sys, total_len); ... return err; } static struct socket *sock_from_file(struct file *file, int *err) { if (file->f_op == &socket_file_ops) return file->private_data; ... } static struct socket *sockfd_lookup_light(int fd, int *err, int *fput_needed) { struct file *file; struct socket *sock; file = fget_light(fd, fput_needed); if (file) { sock = sock_from_file(file, err); if (sock) return sock; fput_light(file, *fput_needed); } return NULL; } #define files_fdtable(files) (rcu_dereference((files)->fdt)) static inline void free_fdtable(struct fdtable *fdt) { call_rcu(&fdt->rcu, free_fdtable_rcu); } struct file *fget_light(unsigned int fd, int *fput_needed) { struct file *file; struct files_struct *files = current->files; *fput_needed = 0; ... rcu_read_lock(); file = fcheck_files(files, fd); ... rcu_read_unlock(); ... return file; } static inline struct file * fcheck_files(struct files_struct *files, unsigned int fd) { struct file * file = NULL; struct fdtable *fdt = files_fdtable(files); ... file = rcu_dereference(fdt->fd[fd]); return file; } SOCKETS FS int move_addr_to_kernel(void __user *uaddr, int ulen, struct sockaddr *kaddr) { if (copy_from_user(kaddr, uaddr, ulen)) return -EFAULT; .,, } struct fdtable { ... struct file ** fd; struct rcu_head rcu; ... };

18. static int fb_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct * vma) { int fbidx = iminor(file->f_path.dentry->d_inode); struct fb_info *info = registered_fb[fbidx]; unsigned long off; unsigned long start; u32 len; ... off = vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT; ... lock_kernel(); ... /* frame buffer memory */ start = info->fix.smem_start; len = PAGE_ALIGN((start & ~PAGE_MASK) + info->fix.smem_len); ... unlock_kernel(); start &= PAGE_MASK; .... off += start; vma->vm_pgoff = off >> PAGE_SHIFT; vma->vm_flags |= VM_IO | VM_RESERVED; ... if (io_remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, off >> PAGE_SHIFT, vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start, vma->vm_page_prot)) return -EAGAIN; return 0; } int register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info) { ... registered_fb[i] = fb_info; ... return 0; } static int __devinit nvidiafb_probe(struct pci_dev *pd, const struct pci_device_id *ent) { struct fb_info *info; info = framebuffer_alloc(sizeof(struct nvidia_par), &pd->dev); ... nvidiafb_fix.smem_start = pci_resource_start(pd, 1); ... if (register_framebuffer(info) < 0) { printk(KERN_ERR PFX &quot;error registering nVidia framebuffer&quot;); ... } ... return 0; } NVIDIA FRAME BUFFER

19. Manipulating VMA static int snd_pcm_mmap_status_fault(struct vm_area_struct *area, struct vm_fault *vmf) { struct snd_pcm_substream *substream = area->vm_private_data; struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime; runtime = substream->runtime; vmf->page = virt_to_page(runtime->status); get_page(vmf->page); return 0; } static struct vm_operations_struct snd_pcm_vm_ops_status = { .fault = snd_pcm_mmap_status_fault, }; static int snd_pcm_mmap_status(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *area) { long size; if (!(area->vm_flags & VM_READ)) return -EINVAL; size = area->vm_end - area->vm_start; if (size != PAGE_ALIGN(sizeof(struct snd_pcm_mmap_status))) return -EINVAL; area->vm_ops = &snd_pcm_vm_ops_status; area->vm_private_data = substream; area->vm_flags |= VM_RESERVED; return 0; }

21. static int qla2x00_iospace_config(scsi_qla_host_t *ha) { resource_size_t pio; if (pci_request_selected_regions(ha->pdev, ha->bars, QLA2XXX_DRIVER_NAME)) { goto iospace_error_exit; } /* Use MMIO operations for all accesses. */ if (!(pci_resource_flags(ha->pdev, 1) & IORESOURCE_MEM)) { goto iospace_error_exit; } if (pci_resource_len(ha->pdev, 1) < MIN_IOBASE_LEN) { goto iospace_error_exit; } ha->iobase = ioremap(pci_resource_start(ha->pdev, 1), MIN_IOBASE_LEN); if (!ha->iobase) { goto iospace_error_exit; } return (0); iospace_error_exit: return (-ENOMEM); } #define WRT_REG_WORD(addr, data) writew(data,addr) #define RD_REG_WORD_RELAXED(addr) readw_relaxed(addr) #define ISP_REQ_Q_IN(ha, reg) (IS_QLA2100(ha) || IS_QLA2200(ha) ? &(reg)->u.isp2100.mailbox4 : &(reg)->u.isp2300.req_q_in) int qla2x00_start_scsi(srb_t *sp) { scsi_qla_host_t *ha; ... if (scsi_sg_count(cmd)) { nseg = dma_map_sg(&ha->pdev->dev, scsi_sglist(cmd), scsi_sg_count(cmd), cmd->sc_data_direction); } else nseg = 0; ... /* Set chip new ring index. */ WRT_REG_WORD(ISP_REQ_Q_IN(ha, reg), ha->req_ring_index); RD_REG_WORD_RELAXED(ISP_REQ_Q_IN(ha, reg)); /* PCI Posting. */ }