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Suomen sähköinen liikenne nyt ja
tulevaisuudessa
!
Electric Traffic in Finland: the Present and
the Future
Vesa Linja-aho
Senior Lecturer in Automotive Electronics
Metropolia UAS
Challenges
• ”Finland will never be the world number one
country in electric traffic”
• Cold climate
• Long distances / low population density
• Warm, densely populated and/or countries with
small area are the optimal environments for
electric traffic
Bad arguments (= common
myths) against electric traffic
• The grid can not cope with charging
• The vehicles can be charged overnight, when the load is low
• 0.5 million electric cars charging @ 2 kW = 1 GW = no problem
• http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/sahkomarkkinat/kulutus-ja-tuotanto/Sivut/
default.aspx
• Electric vehicles are spreading gradually, the grid can be improved
in time
• Finnish distribution grid is already very modern and highly
automatized
• What about the long distances in Finland?
Long distances?
!
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/
Population_map_of_Finland.svg
• Question: how long we can afford the sparse population?
• People are moving from rural areas to cities
• According to Yle News, many single family houses outside growth centers
might be worthless soon.*
• The population will concentrate in cities
• Long distance driving will diminish
• The battery technology advances
* http://yle.fi/uutiset/moni_vanha_omakotitalo_saattaa_osoittautua_arvottomaksi__henkilokohtaisia_tragedioita_edessa/7233659
Helsinki region
• Helsinki region = Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen
• Population density: 950 persons / km2
• For comparison: in Stockholm region: 3597 persons / km2
• Population now: 1.1 million
• Population estimate (2035): 1.5 million
• +400000 inhabitants require massive mass traffic arrangements
• Passenger car based traffic would be a disaster, were they
electric or fossil fuel ones.
Long distances?
• Most of the trips with passenger cars are very short.
Typical trip from and back to work is couple of tens of
kilometers -> very well suitable for even the current
electric cars.
• Longer trips are usually to visit relatives and the summer
cabin.
• Solution: 15 minutes fast charge while drinking coffee
and visiting the restroom
• Many families already have two cars - the other can
very well be electric
Good arguments against electric
traffic (or issues to be handled)
• Low number of production = electric vehicles are
expensive.
• Old electric installations in parking lots
• In Finland there are 1.5 million parking lot
sockets for engine & interior heater
• According to Aalto university report, the main
obstacles for electric traffic are tax issues and
arctic conditions.
Significant pros
• Minimal service cost
• Zero local emissions
• Fighting oil dependency -> human rights issues
• Better total efficiency
• Overall performance (full torque from 0 km/h)
Concerns for individuals
• The electric power is mildly taxed - for now
• Charging at your workplace is a tax-free
benefit
• As the electric vehicles become more common
-> tax revenue falls -> the electric vehicles will
be targeted
• The planned satellite surveillance system
Passenger cars in Finland
• 2.4 million cars
• 0.1 million cars sold every year
• The average car is 13.1 years old
• The fuel consumption of new cars reduces about
3 % / year
http://www.taloussanomat.fi/autot/2014/03/21/tulevaisuuden-auto-ei-niin-hauska-ajettava/20143951/304
Hybrid electric vehicles in
Finland
0
2250
4500
6750
9000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
of which 5200 are Toyota Prius or Auris
http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1391172324/816fe7cba124187b38635396c8b40123/14125-Hybridiautot_2013_kanta.pdf
Full electric vehicles in
Finland
• In the end of 2013, there were 439 electric vehicles (BEV +
PHEV) in Finland and 260 public charging stations.
• The electric companies have founded a company http://
virta.fi/ to make the charging points more common. The
number of public charging stations is doubling in summer
2014.
• Price examples:
• Nissan Leaf: 36 k€, 200 km, 24 kWh, 8 h / 30 min ( 80 % @ 50
kW)
• Opel Ampera: 43 k€, 80 km*, 16 kWh, 4 h
* With gasoline: 500 km
Sähköinen liikenne nyt ja tulevaisuudessa (Sähköpäivä 2014)
Operating costs
• Electric vehicles have typically low maintenance cost (< 50 % of gas vehicle). The main benefit is the higher
efficiency of the power system (> 80 % vs. < 30 %). The distribution losses in electricity distribution are < 5 %.
• Electric power costs typically about 0.12 €/kWh.
• Gasoline costs typically about 1.60 €/l (fuel tax 0.67 €) and Diesel fuel 1.50 €/l (fuel tax 0.49 €).
• 100 km with
• 20 kWh = 2.40 €
• 6 l of gasoline = 9.60 €
• 5.5 l of diesel = 8.25 €
• The fuel economy depends on driving style and vehicle.
• The difference is smaller if the fuel tax is taken into account. Without fuel tax:
• 6 l of gasoline = 5.58 €
• 5.5 l of diesel = 5.56 €
• If and when electric vehicles become more common, it is very likely that government wants to tax them also.
How about the battery?
• With regular hybrid vehicles with NiMH batteries:
usually no problems in 10 years / 160 000 km.
• For electric vehicles: we don’t know the reality.
• Does the range drop 20 % from the new car’s
range after 100, 120, 150 or 200 thousand km?
• The more common the electric vehicles are, the
cheaper are the batteries.
Taxation of vehicles
• The prices of new passenger cars (electric or not) have
relatively high vehicle tax in them. Couple of examples:
• Škoda Octavia 1.4 TSI Active 19370 € + tax 4485 =
23855 €
• Nissan Leaf 31767 € + tax 4213 € = 35980 €
• The average age of passenger cars is high: 13.1 years.
• Additionally, a yearly tax is paid
Yearly tax for having a
vehicle
• Depends on the power source(s), total weight
and CO2 emissions.
• Examples:
• Nissan Leaf: 153 € / year
• Škoda Octavia 1.4 TSI Active 101 € / year
• For diesel vehicles the tax is typically 400-500
€/year
Handled issues
• Training of rescue staff
• Updating the electric safety standard(s) and
legislation
Electric work safety
• Finland’s electric work safety legislation is pretty
bureaucratic.
• When working with electric vehicles with > 120
VDC battery voltage, we have to follow legislation
designed for electric installations in buildings.
• Own electric safety examination + vocational
degree in vehicle technology + 1 year of work
experience = qualification for head of electric
work in repair shop
Safety of rescue staff
Photo: Mikko Saastamoinen
Electric bus traffic
• Goal in the Helsinki region traffic: 100 electric
buses in 2018 (of total ≈ 1000), 400 @ 2025
The Future
• Robotization
• Small electric vehicles
• Electric bus traffic
• All the major railways are already electrified
• Electric tram traffic and commuter train traffic
Thinking outside the box
• The battery and range issue can be dealt also
by changing the paradigm: ditch the 1500 kg
metal box and move only the person:
• Electric-aided bicycles
• Electric mopeds and motorcycles
• Segway and all kind of new vehicles
Conclusion
• Electric traffic is more than just the vehicles:
• services (vehicle as service)
• infrastructure
• city planning
• Finland can be a good environment for electric traffic, the
high level of know-how and modern grid are the key
strengths of the country.
• http://www.raceabout.fi/era/
Sources and additional
reading
• http://www.teknologiainfo.net/fi/content/s
%C3%A4hk%C3%B6isen-liikenteen-
toimenpideohjelma-kohti-p%C3%A4%C3%A4st
%C3%B6t%C3%B6nt%C3%A4-liikennett
%C3%A4-0
• The easy way to follow the advances in electric
traffic in Finland: http://electrictraffic.fi/

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Sähköinen liikenne nyt ja tulevaisuudessa (Sähköpäivä 2014)

  • 1. Suomen sähköinen liikenne nyt ja tulevaisuudessa ! Electric Traffic in Finland: the Present and the Future Vesa Linja-aho Senior Lecturer in Automotive Electronics Metropolia UAS
  • 2. Challenges • ”Finland will never be the world number one country in electric traffic” • Cold climate • Long distances / low population density • Warm, densely populated and/or countries with small area are the optimal environments for electric traffic
  • 3. Bad arguments (= common myths) against electric traffic • The grid can not cope with charging • The vehicles can be charged overnight, when the load is low • 0.5 million electric cars charging @ 2 kW = 1 GW = no problem • http://www.fingrid.fi/fi/sahkomarkkinat/kulutus-ja-tuotanto/Sivut/ default.aspx • Electric vehicles are spreading gradually, the grid can be improved in time • Finnish distribution grid is already very modern and highly automatized • What about the long distances in Finland?
  • 4. Long distances? ! • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/ Population_map_of_Finland.svg • Question: how long we can afford the sparse population? • People are moving from rural areas to cities • According to Yle News, many single family houses outside growth centers might be worthless soon.* • The population will concentrate in cities • Long distance driving will diminish • The battery technology advances * http://yle.fi/uutiset/moni_vanha_omakotitalo_saattaa_osoittautua_arvottomaksi__henkilokohtaisia_tragedioita_edessa/7233659
  • 5. Helsinki region • Helsinki region = Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa and Kauniainen • Population density: 950 persons / km2 • For comparison: in Stockholm region: 3597 persons / km2 • Population now: 1.1 million • Population estimate (2035): 1.5 million • +400000 inhabitants require massive mass traffic arrangements • Passenger car based traffic would be a disaster, were they electric or fossil fuel ones.
  • 6. Long distances? • Most of the trips with passenger cars are very short. Typical trip from and back to work is couple of tens of kilometers -> very well suitable for even the current electric cars. • Longer trips are usually to visit relatives and the summer cabin. • Solution: 15 minutes fast charge while drinking coffee and visiting the restroom • Many families already have two cars - the other can very well be electric
  • 7. Good arguments against electric traffic (or issues to be handled) • Low number of production = electric vehicles are expensive. • Old electric installations in parking lots • In Finland there are 1.5 million parking lot sockets for engine & interior heater • According to Aalto university report, the main obstacles for electric traffic are tax issues and arctic conditions.
  • 8. Significant pros • Minimal service cost • Zero local emissions • Fighting oil dependency -> human rights issues • Better total efficiency • Overall performance (full torque from 0 km/h)
  • 9. Concerns for individuals • The electric power is mildly taxed - for now • Charging at your workplace is a tax-free benefit • As the electric vehicles become more common -> tax revenue falls -> the electric vehicles will be targeted • The planned satellite surveillance system
  • 10. Passenger cars in Finland • 2.4 million cars • 0.1 million cars sold every year • The average car is 13.1 years old • The fuel consumption of new cars reduces about 3 % / year http://www.taloussanomat.fi/autot/2014/03/21/tulevaisuuden-auto-ei-niin-hauska-ajettava/20143951/304
  • 11. Hybrid electric vehicles in Finland 0 2250 4500 6750 9000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 of which 5200 are Toyota Prius or Auris http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1391172324/816fe7cba124187b38635396c8b40123/14125-Hybridiautot_2013_kanta.pdf
  • 12. Full electric vehicles in Finland • In the end of 2013, there were 439 electric vehicles (BEV + PHEV) in Finland and 260 public charging stations. • The electric companies have founded a company http:// virta.fi/ to make the charging points more common. The number of public charging stations is doubling in summer 2014. • Price examples: • Nissan Leaf: 36 k€, 200 km, 24 kWh, 8 h / 30 min ( 80 % @ 50 kW) • Opel Ampera: 43 k€, 80 km*, 16 kWh, 4 h * With gasoline: 500 km
  • 14. Operating costs • Electric vehicles have typically low maintenance cost (< 50 % of gas vehicle). The main benefit is the higher efficiency of the power system (> 80 % vs. < 30 %). The distribution losses in electricity distribution are < 5 %. • Electric power costs typically about 0.12 €/kWh. • Gasoline costs typically about 1.60 €/l (fuel tax 0.67 €) and Diesel fuel 1.50 €/l (fuel tax 0.49 €). • 100 km with • 20 kWh = 2.40 € • 6 l of gasoline = 9.60 € • 5.5 l of diesel = 8.25 € • The fuel economy depends on driving style and vehicle. • The difference is smaller if the fuel tax is taken into account. Without fuel tax: • 6 l of gasoline = 5.58 € • 5.5 l of diesel = 5.56 € • If and when electric vehicles become more common, it is very likely that government wants to tax them also.
  • 15. How about the battery? • With regular hybrid vehicles with NiMH batteries: usually no problems in 10 years / 160 000 km. • For electric vehicles: we don’t know the reality. • Does the range drop 20 % from the new car’s range after 100, 120, 150 or 200 thousand km? • The more common the electric vehicles are, the cheaper are the batteries.
  • 16. Taxation of vehicles • The prices of new passenger cars (electric or not) have relatively high vehicle tax in them. Couple of examples: • Škoda Octavia 1.4 TSI Active 19370 € + tax 4485 = 23855 € • Nissan Leaf 31767 € + tax 4213 € = 35980 € • The average age of passenger cars is high: 13.1 years. • Additionally, a yearly tax is paid
  • 17. Yearly tax for having a vehicle • Depends on the power source(s), total weight and CO2 emissions. • Examples: • Nissan Leaf: 153 € / year • Škoda Octavia 1.4 TSI Active 101 € / year • For diesel vehicles the tax is typically 400-500 €/year
  • 18. Handled issues • Training of rescue staff • Updating the electric safety standard(s) and legislation
  • 19. Electric work safety • Finland’s electric work safety legislation is pretty bureaucratic. • When working with electric vehicles with > 120 VDC battery voltage, we have to follow legislation designed for electric installations in buildings. • Own electric safety examination + vocational degree in vehicle technology + 1 year of work experience = qualification for head of electric work in repair shop
  • 20. Safety of rescue staff Photo: Mikko Saastamoinen
  • 21. Electric bus traffic • Goal in the Helsinki region traffic: 100 electric buses in 2018 (of total ≈ 1000), 400 @ 2025
  • 22. The Future • Robotization • Small electric vehicles • Electric bus traffic • All the major railways are already electrified • Electric tram traffic and commuter train traffic
  • 23. Thinking outside the box • The battery and range issue can be dealt also by changing the paradigm: ditch the 1500 kg metal box and move only the person: • Electric-aided bicycles • Electric mopeds and motorcycles • Segway and all kind of new vehicles
  • 24. Conclusion • Electric traffic is more than just the vehicles: • services (vehicle as service) • infrastructure • city planning • Finland can be a good environment for electric traffic, the high level of know-how and modern grid are the key strengths of the country. • http://www.raceabout.fi/era/
  • 25. Sources and additional reading • http://www.teknologiainfo.net/fi/content/s %C3%A4hk%C3%B6isen-liikenteen- toimenpideohjelma-kohti-p%C3%A4%C3%A4st %C3%B6t%C3%B6nt%C3%A4-liikennett %C3%A4-0 • The easy way to follow the advances in electric traffic in Finland: http://electrictraffic.fi/