1. Liliana Russell
GRAMMAR BOOK

2. 1. Preterite
2. Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
3. Ordinal numbers
4. Prepositions
5. Future
6. Imperfect
7. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
8. Reflexives
TABLE OF CONTENTS

3. PRETERITE
AR
é Amos
Aste
ó Aron
Er/ir
í Imos
Iste
Ió Ieron
Preterito
Car
Gar
Zar
Spock Verbs
Dar/ ver
Di/ vi Dimos/ vimos
Diste/ viste
Dio/ vio Dieron/ vieron
Ir/ ser
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste
Fue Fueron
Hacer
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste
Hizo Hicieron
Snake/ Snakey
Stem Changers
Dormí
Dormiste
Durmió
Dormimos
Durmieron
Y Changers
Leí
Leímos
Leíste
Leyó
Leyeron
Cucaracha Verbs
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-
Trigger words
Ayer, anoche, anteayer, la semana
pasada, el mes pasado, el año
pasado
-e
-iste
-o
-imos
-isteis
-ieron
-car yo -qué
-gar yo -gué
-zar yo -cé

4. Masculine
Este Estos
Ese Esos
Aquel Aquellos
Masculine
éste éstos
ése ésos
aquél aquéllos
Adjectives Pronouns
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES +
PRONOUNS
Feminine
Esta Estas
Ese Esas
Aquella Aquellas
When you point out specific things, you use
demonstrative adjectives and pronouns. A
demonstrative adjective describes the location
of a noun in relation to a person.
Feminine
ésta éstas
ésa ésas
aquélla aquéllas
They are used in place of the
adjective and the noun. They are the
same as the demonstrative adjectives
expect they have an accent.
There are also demonstrative pronouns that refer to ideas or unidentified things that do not
have a specific gender.
-Que es eso?

5. ORDINAL NUMBERS
N

6. PREPOSITIONS
English Spanish
Down Abajo
Up Arriba
Under Debajo (de)
Inside Dentro (de)
Above Encima (de)
Outside of Fuera (de)
Use de only when a specific location follows the expression. The words arriba and
abajo are never followed by de.

7. You can either use ir + a + infinitive or
the future tense.
Generally you will use the ir + a+
infinitive or the present tense to express
the future where intention is strong and
the event will happen soon.
You form the future tense by adding a
special set of endings to the infinite.
With some
verbs, you
have to
change the
form of the
infinitive
slightly before
adding the
future tense
ending. You
still use the
same future
tense endings.
FUTURE
Comer (to eat)
Comeré Comeremos
Comerás Comeréis
Comerá Comerán
All verbs have the same
endings in the future tense.
Infinitive Future stem
Decir Dir-
Hacer Har-
Poner Pondr-
Salir Saldr-
Tener Tendr-
Valer Valdr-
Venir Vendr-
Poder Podr-
Querer Querr-
Saber Sabr-
The future tense is often
associated with plans, predictions,
or events that are less certain.

8. Can be used
-to speak about background events in a
story
-to talk about something you used to do
as a matter of habit
-to speak about how old someone was
-to say what time it was
-ar
Cantar
-er
Tener
-ir
Salir
Cantaba Tenia Salía
Cantabas Tenias Salías
Cantaba Tenia Salía
Cantábamos Teníamos Salíamos
Cantabais Teníais Salíais
Cantaban Tenían Salían
IMPERFECT
-er and –ir verb endings include –ia.
-ar verb endings include –aba/ -ába.
Ser Ir Ver
Era Iba Veía
Eras Ibas Veías
Era Iba Veía
Éramos Íbamos Veíamos
Erais Ibais Veíais
Eran Iban Veían
Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the
regular pattern.

9. These show personal relationships of
possessions. All of them agree in
gender and number with the nouns
they describe.
Long form- singular
Mio Nuestro
Tuyo Vuestro
Suyo suyo
Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Long form- plural
Mios Nuestros
Tuyos Vuestros
Suyos suyos
These also form personal relationships.
To form one, you
1. Use the long form of he possessive
adjective
2. Add el, la, los, las according to the
gender and number of the noun it
replaces
A verb used reflexively tells you that
only the subject of the verb is involved
in the action. When using a reflexive
verb in the infinitive form, attach the
pronoun to the infinitive.

10. You can use direct object pronouns with verbs. The subject and the direct
object are different.
Reflexive verbs take a reflexive pronoun. While the usual direct object is
different from the subject, a reflexive pronoun is the same person, place, thing
as the subject.
The subject and the direct object are the same person; you call this object
reflexive.
REFLEXIVES
Reflexive pronouns
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se