1. PRE-COLUMBIAN
AMERICA AND
EUROPEAN
COLONIZATION

2. How Do We Know… And Why??


Archaeology
Physical anthropology

DNA analysis

Linguistics

11/12/2013
Writing?

3. Timeline
23000-16500 years ago

16500-13000 years ago-- PreClovis sites at Meadowcroft
Rockshelter (PA), Cactus Hill (VA)
and…. Monte Verde (Chile)

13000-10000 years ago-- Clovis
(NM)

Dated about 11000 years ago
11/12/2013


5. Post-Archaic Period: Southwest
The Ancestral Pueblo
(Anasazi) were the largest
group in the Southwest
Centered around the Four
Corners area

6. Chaco Canyon, Ancestral Pueblo

7. Agriculture in the Southwest
• Ancestral Pueblo: Dry
farming techniques, garden
“grids,” terracing, and check
dams
• Hohokam: Irrigation

8. Eastern Woodlands: Mississippian
●
Mississippian: flourished
900-1500 (contact)
●
Mounds
●
Maize-based agriculture
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●
Widespread trade
networks
Development of the
chiefdom and social
inequality

9. Cahokia
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/01/cahokia/hodges-text

10. Age of Discovery
15th -17th centuries

Direct contact with Africa,
the Americas, Asia, and
Oceania established

Continent mapping

Search for alternate routes
to “the Indies”


11. Portuguese Expansion
Explored West African coast in 1418
and reached Indian Ocean in 1488
Prince Henry the Navigator
New technology: caravel,
astronomical charts
Objectives:
Explore the African
coastline to find a better route to the
Indies

12. Spanish Expansion
The Reconquista, 1492
Treaty of Grenada: The
relinquishment in January 1492 of the
sovereignty of the Moorish Emirate
of Granada (founded five centuries
earlier) to the Catholic monarchs of
Spain.
Bypass of the Portuguese lock on the
African trade routes

13. Columbus
Believed that it was possible to
reach the Indies by sailing west from
Europe
Landed in Hispaniola in 1492
After four trips, he refused to
believe he did not reach China

14. Pssst….. Columbus wasn’t first!

15. Columbian Exchange
●
●
Intentional-- and
unintentional-- transfers
between Old World and
New World
Includes transfers from
Asia to Europe (bubonic
plague, Asian flu)

16. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

17. Spanish Colonization
Encomienda system: Crown granted a
person a specified number of natives
for whom they were to take
responsibility.
Theory: the receiver of the grant was
to protect the natives from warring
tribes and to instruct them in the
Spanish language and in the Catholic
faith. In return: extract tribute from
the natives in the form of labor, gold
or other products.

18. SPANISH COLONIZATION IN 1600
•Interaction with Native Americans changes
•Spanish and Native Americans frequently
intermingled, leading to a class of Spanish
citizens known as Mestizos
•Half Spanish, Half Native American
•Spanish crown took this seriously, gave the
Mestizos a decent amount of rights as Spanish
citizens
•Crown also began a series of preventative
measures to ensure Spanish explorers and
colonists did not further exploit Native
Americans: Leyes de Indias

19. Spread of Catholicism
Ajacan: 1570
• Reductions and missions
• Created to Christianize tax, and
govern natives more efficiently
• Missions:
• Sought to incorporate indigenous
people into the Spanish colonial empire,
Catholicism, and certain aspects of
Hispanic culture
• Jesuit reductions:
• Indigenous people expected to convert
to Christianity but not necessarily adopt
European values and lifestyles

20. PUEBLO REVOLT
●
●
11/12/2013
First native peoples to
successfully revolt against
Europeans-- Pueblo Revolt,
1680
Leader: Pope

21. French Colonization
Founding of Port Royal in 1605
Samuel de Champlain founded
Quebec in 1608
Helped establish an
empire from the St. Lawrence
River to the Great Lakes and down
the Mississippi River
●
France slow to colonize-Spanish protection of its own
interests and distractions
caused by the French Wars of
Religion
●
Early attempts to colonize in
Brazil, the Carolinas, and
Florida were unsuccessful

22. French Colonization
●
●
●
Emphasis on trade rather than
agricultural settlements
Establish control-- albeit loose- over large areas of North
American continent through
series of First Nations alliances
Relatively little interest in
colonialism; France
concentrated more on
dominance in Europe
Black Robe

23. Dutch Colonization
●
●
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1609: Henry Hudson claims for the
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
parts of Canada and Northeastern
North America
1614: Adriaen Block explores the
lower Hudson River
1615: First Dutch settlement at Fort
Nassau, near present-day Albany
1621: Dutch West India Company
(WIC) formed
–
●
Granted trade monopoly in the West
Indies and exclusive rights to the Atlantic
slave trade
1626-- Peter Minuit buys Manhattan;
New Amsterdam settled

24. Swedish Colonization
●
●
New Sweden on the
Delaware, includes
parts of modern-day
DE, PA, NJ, and MD
Settled in 1638-wiped out by the
Dutch by 1655