1. Norma Lateralis
The Lateral View of the Skull

3. The Bones Involved in
Norma Lateralis
1. Temporal Bone
2. Parietal Bone
3. Occipital Bone
4. Frontal Bone
5. Zygomatic Bone
6. Maxilla
7. Mandible
8. Nasal Bone
9. Sphenoid Bone
10. Lacrimal Bone.

4. The Two Divisions of the Skull in
Norma Lateralis
1. Cerebral Portion
- located above the
zygomatic arch.
2. Facial Portion
- located below the
zygomatic arch.

5. THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE
CEREBRAL PORTION

6. 1. Temporal Lines
2. Supramastoid Crest
3. Temporal Fossa
4. Zygomatico-temporal
foramen
5. Zygomatic arch
6. Infratemporal fossa
7. Suprameatal triangle
8. Pterion
9. Asterion.

7. Pterion
- the thinnest part of the lateral wall of the
skull.
- an important area because it overlies the
anterior division of the middle meningeal
artery and vein.

8. Asterion
- point where the posteroinferior angle of the
parietal bone meet the occipital bone and the
mastoid part of the temporal bone.

9. THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
OF THE
FACIAL PORTION

10. 1. Zygomatic arch
2. Articular tubercle
3. External acoustic
meatus
4. Mandibular fossa
5. Styloid process
6. Mastoid temporal
7. Mastoid process
8. Mastoid foramen
9. Gonion.

11. 10. Pterygo-maxillary fissure
11.Pterygo-palatine fossa
12.Spheno-palatine foramen.

12. THE TEMPORAL BONE

13. Four Parts of the
Temporal Bone
• 1. Squamous part
• 2. Mastoid part
• 3. Tympanic part
• 4. Petrous part

14. THE THREE FOSSAE IN
NORMA LATERALIS
1. Temporal Fossa
2. Infratemporal Fossa
3. Pterygopalatine Fossa

15. THE TEMPORAL FOSSA

16. A flat, fan-shaped depression on the
lateral surface of the skull.
Bones involved:
1. Zygomatic Bone
2. Frontal Bone
3. Greater Wings of
Sphenoid
4. Temporal Bone
5. Parietal Bone

17. BOUNDARIES OF THE TEMPORAL
FOSSA

18. Boundaries Structure
Superior Inferior Temporal Line
Anterior Frontal Process of Zygomatc Bone
Medial Surface of parietal bone,Temporal
Bone, frontal bone and GWS

19. Lateral Zygomatic Arch
Inferior Infratemporal Crest of
Sphenoid Bone
Posterior Inferior Temporal line

20. Contents of the
Temporal Fossa
1. Temporalis muscle is attached to its floor.
2. Pterion – a small circular area where the
frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal
bones are close together.

21. THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA

22. - A paired depression that is inferior to anterior part of the
temporal fossa.
- Divided from the temporal fossa by the crest of the greater
wings of sphenoid.

23. BOUNDARIES OF THE
INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA

24. Boundaries Structure
Superior Greater wings of sphenoid
Anterior Maxillary tuberosity
Medial Lateral pterygoid plate

25. Lateral Mandibular ramus and
zygomatic arch
Inferior No border
Posterior No border

26. Contents of the
Infratemporal Fossa
1. The mandibular division of the
trigeminal nerve,
2. Contains pterygoid plexus and the
pterygoid muscles,
3. Maxillary artery and its branches,
middle meningeal artery,
4. Inferior alveolar artery,
5. Posterior alveolar artery.

27. THE PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA

28. A cone-shaped depression, deep into
the infratemporal fossa.

29. It is located between the pterygoid process and the
maxillary tuberosity near the apex of the orbit.

31. BOUNDARIES OF THE
PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA

32. Boundaries Structure
Superior Inferior surface of the body of the
sphenoid
Anterior Maxillary tuberosity
Medial Vertical plate of the palatine bone

33. Boundaries Structure
Lateral Pterygomaxillary fissure
Inferior Pterygopalatine canal
Posterior Pterygoid process of the sphenoid
bone

34. Contents of the
Pterygopalatine Fossa
1. Maxillary artery and its branches,
2. Pterygopalatine ganglion,
3. Maxillary nerve.

35. The Temporomandibular Joint

36. - is a complex articulation of the movable
mandible and the base of the skull.
Articulation takes place
in two areas:
1. Between maxillary
and mandibular
teeth ( interjaw
dental occlusion ),
and
2. Between the
mandibular condyle
and the temporal
bone.

37. Bones Involved in the TMJ
1. Condylar process
or condyle of the
mandible
2. Mandibular fossa
3. Articular
emminence of
the temporal
bone

38. COMPONENTS OF THE TMJ

39. 1. Articular or Fibrous
Capsule
2. Temporo-
mandibular
(lateral) Ligament

40. 3. Articular Disc
4. Joint Cavities

41. 1. ARTICULAR OR FIBROUS CAPSULE

42. - encloses the joint
surfaces like a sleeve
that runs from the
temporal bone
superiorly, to the
condyle of the
mandible inferiorly.
The enclosed space
between the articular
surfaces is the joint
cavity

43. Superior attachment :
area surrounding the
mandibular fossa and
articular eminence of
the temporal bone.
Inferior attachment:
periphery of the
mandibular condyle.

44. 2. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR (LATERAL)
LIGAMENT

45. - is a lateral thickening of
the joint capsule and is
similar to the collateral
ligaments of other joints.
- It prevents posterior and
inferior displacement of
the condyle but allows
limited anterior
movements of the condyle.

46. 3. ARTICULAR DISC

47. - it is composed of dense fibrous tissues and lies within the joint
capsule, intervening between the condyle and the mandibular fossa.
- It is a biconcave disc that serves to provide reciprocal articular
surfaces between its inferior surface and the condyle, and its superior
surface and the mandibular fossa and eminence.

48. Three zones of the articular disc:
1. Posterior thickening –
sits atop the condyle
and fills the mandibular
fossa above when the
mandible is at rest.
2. Anterior thickening -
lies just below the
posterior slope of the
articular eminence.
3. Intermediate zone - lies
between the two
previous zones.

49. 4. JOINT CAVITIES

50. The disc effectively divides the joint cavity into two distinct upper and
lower compartment that allow two types of joint movements.
These cavities are also filled with synovial fluid which nourishes the
articular disc.

51. Joint Cavities

52. ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS

53. Two accessory ligaments span the joint but do
not significantly limit mandibular movements:
1. Sphenomandibular
ligament
- it runs from the spine
of the sphenoid bone to
the lingula of the
mandible.
2. Stylomandibular
ligament
- it runs from the styloid
process of the temporal
bone to the angle of the
mandible.

54. THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

55. A layer of synovium lines the inner aspects of the
joint capsule. This relatively dense membrane does not
line the actual articular surfaces of the joints because
synovial joints are generally weight-bearing joints.
The pressure in the TMJ is provided by the occluded
maxillary and mandibular teeth.
Synovium secretes synovial fluids for lubrication
and nourishment of the opposing articular surfaces.

56. Two Layers of the
Synovial Membrane
1. An intimal cellular layer
- contains type A cells which are phagocytic,
and type B cells which synthesize hyaluronate
found in synovial fluid.
2. A vascular subintimal layer
- Contains blood vessels, and lymphatics
within the loose connective tissue matrix.

57. NERVE SUPPLY OF THE TMJ

58. 1. Branches of the
temporalis N.
2. Branches of the
auriculotemporal N.
3. Branches of the
masseteric N.

59. BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE TMJ

60. 1. Superficial temporal artery
2. Muscular branches of the maxillary artery

61. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
IN ACTION

62. MUSCLES ACTING ON THE TMJ

63. 1. Masseter
2. Temporalis
3. Lateral Pterygoid
4. Medial Pterygoid

64. Protrussion:
1. Lateral pterygoid
m.
2. Medial pterygoid
m.

65. Retraction
1. Temporalis M.
Synergists:
a. Masseters
b. Digastric
c. Geniohyoid

66. Elevation
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Medial
pterygoid

67. Depression
1. Lateral pterygoid
Synergists:
1. Digastric
2. Geniohyoid
3. Mylohyoid

68. Lateral movements
1. Medial
pterygoid m.
2. Lateral pterygoid
m.