SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 23
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Molecular Biology 1-1

         put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska

    Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone.
 However, I found most images had very small type and increased the
font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful.
                       The sources are given.
     If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.

                                                                           1
Contents
• Life
• Evolution
KEYWORDS
Life is the primary characteristic of organisms.
Organism is any connected living system capable of
    •   response to stimuli,
    •   reproduction,
    •   growth and development
    •   adaptation to environment
    •   homeostasis

Homeostasis is the property of organisms
    •   regulates its internal environment
    •   maintains a system of stable constant conditions like
         • temperature or pH.


                                                                3
KEYWORDS
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an
    organism. The main purpose of cell is to organize.
Organelle is a subunit within a cell with a specific
        function. It is usually membrane-bound.
Tissue is a layer of cells that are alike and work
 together for a specific function. Tissue is the cellular
    organizational level between cells and a complete organ.

Organ is a
•       functional group of multiple tissues
•       relatively independent part of the body
•       carries out one or more special functions

                                                               4
Organisms
can be classified as:
   - single-cellular
   - multi-cellular


Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes: all other organisms!

Viruses are not organisms or cells.


                                      5
Prokaryotes
    •   unicellular
    •   no cell nucleus
    •   no mitochondria
    •   no membrane-bound organelles

Neither their DNA nor sites of metabolic activity are
collected together in a discrete membrane-enclosed
area.
Instead, everything is openly accessible within the
cell, some of which is free-floating.


                                                        6
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes




                                                               7
            teacherweb.com/IND/.../PROKARYOTIC_CELL_new_part_2.do
            c
Developmental Eras
• Earth is probably 4.5 billion years old
• 3.8 billion years of simple cells
   (prokaryotes = bacteria and archaea)
• 3 billion years of photosynthesis,
• 2 billion years of complex cells (eukaryotes),
• 1 billion years of multicellular life,
• 600 million years of simple animals,




                                                   8
Cell Size
Bacteria
    • microbacteria ~150 nm
    • E. coli 1,5 µm x 5 µm
    • Exceptional: ~10 µm up to >100 µm

Human Cells:
   • erithrocytes ~ 8 µm
   • ovum (egg) ~ 100 µm
   • nerve cells ~ 4 µm – 100 µm

                                          9
CELL
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an
 organism.

Humans contain about
 10 trillion (1013) cells.

Most plant and animal cells are
  • between 1 and 100 µm
  • Visible only under the
     microscope.




                 http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series3/308/laboratory/studynotes/SN-   10
                 OilImmer.htm
Relative Sizes




http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html




                                                                      11
KEYWORDS

Evolution is a science that investigates the
 development of species.
Creationism is the belief that life on Earth was created
 directly by a supernatural being.
Phylogeny is the science that studies the evolutionary
 relationships between groups of organisms
 (populations, species, ...).
Taxonomy is a system of classification of organisms
 into groups according to their relationships and
 evolutionary development

                                                           12
Evolution and Mutation
Start with:
• Common origin of species.
• Genetic changes accumulate and lead to the emergence of
  new characteristics.
• Genetic changes are the result of mutations, introduction of
  new genes or recombination of genes.
• New characteristics are inherited.
• Natural selection: the environment represents a selection
  pressure to force only characteristics that represent an
  advantage for survival and reproduction.
• When populations are separated, different characteristics are
  selected and new species develop.

                                                                  13
Evolution and Mutation




                                                                          14
   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg
Classification Organisms - Domains
Category: Domain
There are 3 domains.
   - Bacteria
   - Archaea
   - Eukaryotes

In 1990, the category “Domain” was added after C. R. Woese
distinguished Bacteria and Archaea based on differences in their
rRNA 16S
The three-domain system adds the level of classification Domains
above the level of Kingdoms.

                                                                   15
Taxonomy
DOMAIN   Eukaryota




                                                                  16
                     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_%28biology%29
Kingdoms = 6
Prokaryotes: eubacteria, archaebacteria
Eukaryotes: protista, plants, animals, fungi



History of Kingdoms
Linnéas: 2 (animals and plants)
 ~1960: 4 basic divisions
    prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 ~1969: 5 (fungi is added)
 ~1980: 6


                                                                                   17
       http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookdiversity_3.html
History of Taxonomy
On the Earth there are 5-100 million different species of organisms.
They differ in morphology, biochemical and genetic characteristics.
The first really successful attempt at grouping of organisms was
carried out by Linnaeus with the introduction of species and genera.
Species representing "all instances of creatures” that are each equal
to the smallest details of physical structure.
Darwin: " “all true classification is genealogical”
Ernst Mayer (~ 1940): biological species is a population or set of
populations who can breed with each other and have fertile
offspring.


                                                                       18
Keywords
• Morphology (biology): the study of the form or shape of an
  organism.
• Biochemical Characteristics: characteristics which describe
  the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in
  living organisms.
• Genetic Characteristics: characteristics which are related to
  heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
  among similar or related organisms.



                                                               19
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Genotype: All of the genetic code of an organism.
Phenotype: All of the properties of an organism.
Phenotype reflects the genotype, as well as environmental influences
              (diet, climate, injuries, lifestyle, …).




                   http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/genes/genesrev_print.shtml
                                                                                                          20
Phylogenic Tree

Phylogenic tree can be drawn on the basis of:
- similaritiesbetween organisms
        (fosils and their age, anatomy,…)

- differences between their amino acids and proteins
- differences between nucleotides in their DNA and RNA
    Differences based on molecular biology is called
                 molecular phylogeny.
      A node (taxa) joined together in the tree implies
        “descended from a common ancestor”.
                                                          21
Phylogenetic Tree for the 3 Domains




                                                         22
        http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree
Dots indicate common ancestor.
   Numbers indicate “relative” amount of change in genome.

Phylogenetic tree based on similarities between genome sequences.

   The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA.


                                                                 23
               https://www.llnl.gov/str/June05/Ovcharenko.html

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and Classification
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and ClassificationB.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and Classification
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and ClassificationRai University
 
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsEvolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsE Jei Torres
 
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaea
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaeaLecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaea
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaeaKristen DeAngelis
 
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARNClassification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARNSaajida Sultaana
 
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolutionYee Sing Ong
 
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earth
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earthLecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earth
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earthKristen DeAngelis
 
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS (cell structure)
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS  (cell structure)Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS  (cell structure)
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS (cell structure)knip xin
 
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motility
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motilityLecture 04 (2 11-2021) motility
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motilityKristen DeAngelis
 
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mlt
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mltBacterial taxonomy b sc mlt
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mltShyam Mishra
 
Classification Eukaryotes
Classification  EukaryotesClassification  Eukaryotes
Classification EukaryotesRobin Seamon
 
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...Francisco Gordillo
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Projectguestf59844
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Projectguestf59844
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Projectguestc32ebd
 
Zoology introduction (1)
Zoology introduction (1)Zoology introduction (1)
Zoology introduction (1)omer abdi
 
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classification
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classificationBergey’s manual of bacterial classification
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classificationnj1992
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

kljasdiouf98734
kljasdiouf98734kljasdiouf98734
kljasdiouf98734
 
Lecture 09 (3 4-2021) euks
Lecture 09 (3 4-2021) euksLecture 09 (3 4-2021) euks
Lecture 09 (3 4-2021) euks
 
Living world
Living worldLiving world
Living world
 
Activity keys sp 2018
Activity keys sp 2018Activity keys sp 2018
Activity keys sp 2018
 
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and Classification
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and ClassificationB.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and Classification
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-1.2 Taxonomy and Classification
 
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsEvolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaea
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaeaLecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaea
Lecture 10 (3 9-2021) archaea
 
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARNClassification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN
Classification of microorganisms-MICROBIOLOGY QUICK LEARN
 
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution
统考生物 Chapter 21 evolution
 
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earth
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earthLecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earth
Lecture 03 (2 09-2021) early earth
 
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS (cell structure)
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS  (cell structure)Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS  (cell structure)
Biology 1 for grade 12 SHS (cell structure)
 
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motility
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motilityLecture 04 (2 11-2021) motility
Lecture 04 (2 11-2021) motility
 
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mlt
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mltBacterial taxonomy b sc mlt
Bacterial taxonomy b sc mlt
 
Classification Eukaryotes
Classification  EukaryotesClassification  Eukaryotes
Classification Eukaryotes
 
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...
Guilds Of Mycorrhizal Fungi And Their Relation To Trees Ericads Orchids And L...
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
 
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final ProjectRyan’S Bio Final Project
Ryan’S Bio Final Project
 
Zoology introduction (1)
Zoology introduction (1)Zoology introduction (1)
Zoology introduction (1)
 
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classification
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classificationBergey’s manual of bacterial classification
Bergey’s manual of bacterial classification
 

Andere mochten auch (16)

Molecular Biology 1-2
Molecular Biology 1-2Molecular Biology 1-2
Molecular Biology 1-2
 
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Mobile Computing
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Mobile ComputingIeee projects 2012 2013 - Mobile Computing
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Mobile Computing
 
Using and Evaluating Applet Enhanced Lessons
Using and Evaluating Applet Enhanced LessonsUsing and Evaluating Applet Enhanced Lessons
Using and Evaluating Applet Enhanced Lessons
 
Screencasts, Captions and your Global Audience
Screencasts, Captions and your Global AudienceScreencasts, Captions and your Global Audience
Screencasts, Captions and your Global Audience
 
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Bio Informatics
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Bio InformaticsIeee projects 2012 2013 - Bio Informatics
Ieee projects 2012 2013 - Bio Informatics
 
Risk
RiskRisk
Risk
 
Classrooms and education
Classrooms and educationClassrooms and education
Classrooms and education
 
Molecular Biology 1-6
Molecular Biology 1-6Molecular Biology 1-6
Molecular Biology 1-6
 
Improved Inference for First-Order Autocorrelation Using Likelihood Analysis
Improved Inference for First-Order Autocorrelation Using Likelihood AnalysisImproved Inference for First-Order Autocorrelation Using Likelihood Analysis
Improved Inference for First-Order Autocorrelation Using Likelihood Analysis
 
Molecular Biology 1-3
Molecular Biology 1-3Molecular Biology 1-3
Molecular Biology 1-3
 
Keynote - GeoGebra
Keynote - GeoGebraKeynote - GeoGebra
Keynote - GeoGebra
 
Molecular Biology 1-4
Molecular Biology 1-4Molecular Biology 1-4
Molecular Biology 1-4
 
Nonparametric Density Estimation
Nonparametric Density EstimationNonparametric Density Estimation
Nonparametric Density Estimation
 
Molecular Biology 1-7
Molecular Biology 1-7Molecular Biology 1-7
Molecular Biology 1-7
 
Molecular Biology 1-5
Molecular Biology 1-5Molecular Biology 1-5
Molecular Biology 1-5
 
8 - Virus Structure Multiplication
 8 - Virus Structure Multiplication 8 - Virus Structure Multiplication
8 - Virus Structure Multiplication
 

Ähnlich wie Molecular Biology 1-1

Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Organisms
Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic OrganismsDifferences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Organisms
Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic OrganismsJill Bell
 
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handout
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handoutLecture 1 properties of life spr13 handout
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handoutcampaned
 
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLSDETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLSLucy Nader
 
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...Natasha Barnett
 
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...Pulipati Sowjanya
 
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptGENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptSherry (Cross) Smith
 
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptGENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptSherry (Cross) Smith
 
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryote Vs EukaryotesProkaryote Vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryote Vs EukaryotesAndrea Arias
 
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes EssayProkaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes EssayAlyssa Dennis
 
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02Cleophas Rwemera
 
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013ClayVirtual
 

Ähnlich wie Molecular Biology 1-1 (20)

Biology.pdf
Biology.pdfBiology.pdf
Biology.pdf
 
Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Organisms
Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic OrganismsDifferences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Organisms
Differences Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Organisms
 
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handout
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handoutLecture 1 properties of life spr13 handout
Lecture 1 properties of life spr13 handout
 
Biology
BiologyBiology
Biology
 
Bab i pendahuluan
Bab i pendahuluanBab i pendahuluan
Bab i pendahuluan
 
Chapter 1 cell Bio
Chapter 1 cell Bio Chapter 1 cell Bio
Chapter 1 cell Bio
 
Std 11 chapter 1
Std 11 chapter 1 Std 11 chapter 1
Std 11 chapter 1
 
intro to bio2.ppt
intro to bio2.pptintro to bio2.ppt
intro to bio2.ppt
 
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLSDETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
DETAILED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS
 
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
Comparing The 18Th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus...
 
1 chapter themes
1 chapter themes1 chapter themes
1 chapter themes
 
Chapter1 themes
Chapter1 themesChapter1 themes
Chapter1 themes
 
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...
Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics, History and Applic...
 
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptGENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
 
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 pptGENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
GENERAL BIOLOGY Unit 1 lesson 1 ppt
 
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryote Vs EukaryotesProkaryote Vs Eukaryotes
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes
 
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes EssayProkaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
 
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02
Biol108 chp10-pt1-ppt-spr12-120325144850-phpapp02
 
Presentation2
Presentation2Presentation2
Presentation2
 
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013
CVA Biology I - B10vrv1013
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfTechSoup
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptxPractical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
Practical Research 1: Lesson 8 Writing the Thesis Statement.pptx
 
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptxM-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
M-2- General Reactions of amino acids.pptx
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdfMaximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
Maximizing Impact_ Nonprofit Website Planning, Budgeting, and Design.pdf
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 

Molecular Biology 1-1

  • 1. Molecular Biology 1-1 put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone. However, I found most images had very small type and increased the font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful. The sources are given. If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off. 1
  • 3. KEYWORDS Life is the primary characteristic of organisms. Organism is any connected living system capable of • response to stimuli, • reproduction, • growth and development • adaptation to environment • homeostasis Homeostasis is the property of organisms • regulates its internal environment • maintains a system of stable constant conditions like • temperature or pH. 3
  • 4. KEYWORDS Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism. The main purpose of cell is to organize. Organelle is a subunit within a cell with a specific function. It is usually membrane-bound. Tissue is a layer of cells that are alike and work together for a specific function. Tissue is the cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. Organ is a • functional group of multiple tissues • relatively independent part of the body • carries out one or more special functions 4
  • 5. Organisms can be classified as: - single-cellular - multi-cellular Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea Eukaryotes: all other organisms! Viruses are not organisms or cells. 5
  • 6. Prokaryotes • unicellular • no cell nucleus • no mitochondria • no membrane-bound organelles Neither their DNA nor sites of metabolic activity are collected together in a discrete membrane-enclosed area. Instead, everything is openly accessible within the cell, some of which is free-floating. 6
  • 7. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes 7 teacherweb.com/IND/.../PROKARYOTIC_CELL_new_part_2.do c
  • 8. Developmental Eras • Earth is probably 4.5 billion years old • 3.8 billion years of simple cells (prokaryotes = bacteria and archaea) • 3 billion years of photosynthesis, • 2 billion years of complex cells (eukaryotes), • 1 billion years of multicellular life, • 600 million years of simple animals, 8
  • 9. Cell Size Bacteria • microbacteria ~150 nm • E. coli 1,5 µm x 5 µm • Exceptional: ~10 µm up to >100 µm Human Cells: • erithrocytes ~ 8 µm • ovum (egg) ~ 100 µm • nerve cells ~ 4 µm – 100 µm 9
  • 10. CELL Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism. Humans contain about 10 trillion (1013) cells. Most plant and animal cells are • between 1 and 100 µm • Visible only under the microscope. http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series3/308/laboratory/studynotes/SN- 10 OilImmer.htm
  • 12. KEYWORDS Evolution is a science that investigates the development of species. Creationism is the belief that life on Earth was created directly by a supernatural being. Phylogeny is the science that studies the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms (populations, species, ...). Taxonomy is a system of classification of organisms into groups according to their relationships and evolutionary development 12
  • 13. Evolution and Mutation Start with: • Common origin of species. • Genetic changes accumulate and lead to the emergence of new characteristics. • Genetic changes are the result of mutations, introduction of new genes or recombination of genes. • New characteristics are inherited. • Natural selection: the environment represents a selection pressure to force only characteristics that represent an advantage for survival and reproduction. • When populations are separated, different characteristics are selected and new species develop. 13
  • 14. Evolution and Mutation 14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram.svg
  • 15. Classification Organisms - Domains Category: Domain There are 3 domains. - Bacteria - Archaea - Eukaryotes In 1990, the category “Domain” was added after C. R. Woese distinguished Bacteria and Archaea based on differences in their rRNA 16S The three-domain system adds the level of classification Domains above the level of Kingdoms. 15
  • 16. Taxonomy DOMAIN Eukaryota 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_%28biology%29
  • 17. Kingdoms = 6 Prokaryotes: eubacteria, archaebacteria Eukaryotes: protista, plants, animals, fungi History of Kingdoms Linnéas: 2 (animals and plants) ~1960: 4 basic divisions prokaryotes and eukaryotes ~1969: 5 (fungi is added) ~1980: 6 17 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookdiversity_3.html
  • 18. History of Taxonomy On the Earth there are 5-100 million different species of organisms. They differ in morphology, biochemical and genetic characteristics. The first really successful attempt at grouping of organisms was carried out by Linnaeus with the introduction of species and genera. Species representing "all instances of creatures” that are each equal to the smallest details of physical structure. Darwin: " “all true classification is genealogical” Ernst Mayer (~ 1940): biological species is a population or set of populations who can breed with each other and have fertile offspring. 18
  • 19. Keywords • Morphology (biology): the study of the form or shape of an organism. • Biochemical Characteristics: characteristics which describe the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms. • Genetic Characteristics: characteristics which are related to heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms. 19
  • 20. Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype: All of the genetic code of an organism. Phenotype: All of the properties of an organism. Phenotype reflects the genotype, as well as environmental influences (diet, climate, injuries, lifestyle, …). http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/genes/genesrev_print.shtml 20
  • 21. Phylogenic Tree Phylogenic tree can be drawn on the basis of: - similaritiesbetween organisms (fosils and their age, anatomy,…) - differences between their amino acids and proteins - differences between nucleotides in their DNA and RNA Differences based on molecular biology is called molecular phylogeny. A node (taxa) joined together in the tree implies “descended from a common ancestor”. 21
  • 22. Phylogenetic Tree for the 3 Domains 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree
  • 23. Dots indicate common ancestor. Numbers indicate “relative” amount of change in genome. Phylogenetic tree based on similarities between genome sequences. The genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA. 23 https://www.llnl.gov/str/June05/Ovcharenko.html