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Lattice Energy LLC

Tesla Motors Model S car catches fire on road
Incident occurred on October 1, 2013 near Seattle, WA
While nothing is totally conclusive yet, circumstances are suspicious re battery
Large Lithium-based EV batteries are potentially risky
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
October 3, 2013

Please note: On October 16, 2013, Lattice published a
detailed technical analysis of this particular Tesla
incident that is also available here on SlideShare. Go to
URL = http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/latticeenergy-llc-technical-discussionoct-1-tesla-motors-models-battery-thermal-runawayoctober-16-2013

Source: http://www.king5.com/news/local/Tesla-stock-tumbles-after-Model-S-catches-fire-near-Seattle-226207191.html

Contact: 1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen

October 3, 2013

Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved

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Lattice Energy LLC

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In July 2010, Lattice began to issue public warnings about thermal runaway risks with
large, scaled-up Lithium-based battery packs; on Slide #54 in an August 6, 2013 Lattice
presentation subtitled “A Fool’s Paradise” we questioned whether Tesla’s engineering
had solved problematic runaway issues, or whether they had just been lucky - so far
October 1, 2013 fire incident (really a form of battery runaway) with Tesla Model S that
occurred near Seattle, WA suggests that they had merely been lucky to date --- battery
thermal runaway issues have not yet been truly solved by Tesla Motors or anyone else
As seen in the progression of news stories quoted from herein, Tesla began the news
cycle by trying to assert that the battery pack had nothing to do with the hot fire that
consumed the front end of a $70,000 car. By Wednesday evening they finally admitted
that the battery was in fact the culprit, but that the incident had been triggered by the
vehicle’s impact with “metal debris” that had been lying on the road surface and that
consequent mechanical damage to battery cells triggered the thermal runaway fire event;
they are emphatically asserting that the battery did not catch fire spontaneously
While Tesla’s theory of the incident is plausible, it is inconsistent with statements made
by the highway patrol officer --- trained to be keenly observant --- who first investigated
the accident scene and found no evidence whatsoever of any claimed “metallic debris”
Unless conclusive physical evidence is revealed that proves otherwise, Lattice believes
it is more likely that the fire was caused by a spontaneous heat-event inside the battery

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
LENRs are a very new type of green nuclear technology
Combustion of fossil fuels (strictly chemical processes involving outer valence electrons of nuclei):
Comments: emits copious quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas; comprises vast majority of mankind’s energy production today

Scale of energy release: eVs (chemical regime)
Alternate natural sources of fuel: primarily oil, coal, and biomass; basic reaction: CH 4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O + energy

Controlled release of nuclear binding energy (fission and fusion; mainly involve strong interaction):
Comments: no CO2 emission; emit dangerous energetic radiation (γ, neutron); today <10% of global energy production
Scale of energy release: MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x all chemical energy sources

Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major rad-waste clean-up
Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development
Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons  (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived
isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy

Fusion of light nuclei: (involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Comments: present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction;
requires massive shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor rad-waste clean-up $ vs. fission
Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen)
Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T  He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)

Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs - key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak
interaction; neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy):
Comments: early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR
systems do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures  much lower $ cost
Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture ULM neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy
Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on seed nuclei then
proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
LENRs are neither
fission nor fusion
but something
rather different

Low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) are a
uniquely green nuclear technology: no deadly
energetic gamma or neutron radiation and no
production of long-lived radioactive wastes
October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Relevant Lattice documents
Convergence of advanced batteries, energetic materials and LENRs :

“Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between
energetic materials, LENRs and batteries”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, September 6, 2013 [110 slides with
detailed table of contents]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-increasedenergy-densities-drive-convergence-of-batteries-and-lenrssept-6-2013

Document concerns great difficulties in containing and extinguishing thermal runaways:
“Systems to contain Lithium-based battery thermal runaways and fires; is it a feasible engineering goal or
just a fool’s paradise?”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, August 6, 2013 [93 slides – includes detailed table of contents]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-containment-of-lithiumbased-battery-firesa-fools-paradiseaug-6-2013

Index to large collection of documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology:
“Index to key concepts and documents” v. #14
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [88 slides] Updated and revised through September 12, 2013
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident
Source URL: http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/tesla-stock-tumbles-model-catches-fire-20450475

Continuing quote: Webb said there was
too much damage from the fire to see
what damage the debris may have
caused.

Quoting directly: The incident happened Tuesday after 8 a.m.
as the driver was traveling southbound on state Route 167
through Kent, said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington
State Patrol. The driver stated that he believed he had struck
some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited the highway
and the vehicle became disabled.
The driver told authorities he began to smell something
burning and then the vehicle caught fire. Firefighters needed
several attempts to extinguish the flames because the blaze
kept reigniting, Webb said. A trooper who responded to the
scene was unable to locate any objects on the roadway, but
Department of Transportation workers did observe some
debris near the scene.

October 3, 2013

The automobile site Jalopnik.com posted
photos of the blaze that it says were
taken by a reader, along with a video. The
video shows the front of the Tesla Model
S in flames.
In a statement issued Wednesday, Tesla
said the fire was caused by "substantial
damage" to the car when the driver hit a
large metal object in the road. The
flames, the company said, were
contained to the front of the $70,000
vehicle due to its design and
construction.
"All indications are that the fire never
entered the interior cabin of the car. It
was extinguished on-site by the Fire
Department," the statement said.

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Lattice Energy LLC
Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident
Source URL: http://jalopnik.com/this-is-what-fiery-tesla-model-s-death-looks-like-1440143525

Incident video source URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=q0kjI08n4fg
October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident
Image below: freeze-frame from amateur video of incident shows
entire front-end of Tesla Model S completely engulfed in flames

Incident video source URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=q0kjI08n4fg
October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident
Source URL: http://www.king5.com/news/local/Tesla-stock-tumbles-after-Model-S-catches-fire-near-Seattle-226207191.html

Quoting: The incident happened Tuesday after 8
a.m. as the driver was traveling southbound on
state Route 167 through Kent, said Trooper
Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The
driver stated that he believed he had struck
some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited
the highway and the vehicle became disabled.
The driver told authorities he began to smell
something burning and then the vehicle caught
fire. Firefighters needed several attempts to
extinguish the flames because the blaze kept
reigniting, Webb said. A trooper who responded
to the scene was unable to locate any objects on
the roadway, but Department of Transportation
workers did observe some debris near the
scene.
by MIKE BAKER / Associated Press
Posted on October 2, 2013 at 2:52 PM
Updated today at 4:19 PM
SEATTLE - Shares of electric car company Tesla sank more
than 6 percent Wednesday after an Internet video showed
flames spewing from one of the company's vehicles near
Seattle.
October 3, 2013

Webb said there was too much damage from the
fire to see what damage the debris may have
caused.
The automobile site Jalopnik.com posted photos
of the blaze that it says were taken by a reader,
along with a video. The video shows the front of
the Tesla Model S in flames.

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9
Lattice Energy LLC
Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident
Source URL: http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/tesla-stock-tumbles-model-catches-fire-20450475

Continuing quote: The driver, who did not
return a phone call seeking comment, told
authorities he began to smell something
burning and then the vehicle caught fire.
Firefighters arrived within 3 minutes of the
first call. It's not clear from records how long
the firefighting lasted, but crews remained on
scene for 2 1/2 hours.

Quoting directly: In an incident report released under Washington
state's public records law, firefighters wrote that they appeared to
have Tuesday's fire under control, but the flames reignited. Crews
found that water seemed to intensify the fire, so they began using a
dry chemical extinguisher.
After dismantling the front end of the vehicle and puncturing holes in
the battery pack, responders used a circular saw to cut an access
hole in the front section to apply water to the battery, according to
documents. Only then was the fire extinguished.
The incident happened as the Tesla's driver was traveling
southbound on state Route 167 through the Seattle suburb of Kent,
said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The driver
said he believed he had struck some metal debris on the freeway, so
he exited the highway and the vehicle became disabled.
October 3, 2013

Tesla said the flames were contained to the
front of the $70,000 vehicle due to its design
and construction.
"This was not a spontaneous event," JarvisShean said. "Every indication we have at this
point is that the fire was a result of the
collision and the damage sustained through
that."
There was too much damage from the fire to
see what damage debris may have caused,
Webb said.

The automobile website Jalopnik.com posted
photos of the blaze that it says were taken by
a reader, along with a video.

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Lattice Energy LLC
Tesla Motors Model S
Overview of body, front/rear axle assemblies, electric motor and battery

Electric motor

Lithium-ion
battery pack
Image source: Tesla Motors

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Tesla Motors Model S
Front/rear axle assemblies integrated with battery pack and wheels

Electric motor
Image source: Tesla Motors

Front radiator
and heat
exchanger for
battery pack’s
cooling
system

Lithium-ion
battery pack
integrated with
frame/chassis
Image source: Tesla Motors

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Tesla Motors Model S
Close-up images of front and rear ends of the vehicle

Front

October 3, 2013

Rear

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Lattice Energy LLC
Tesla Motors Model S
Panning image shot from rear of vehicle shows integrated components

Image credit: GT Carlot

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC

October 3, 2013

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Thermal runaways on mobile platforms
New applications for Lithium-based batteries in autos and aircraft
Fires and other dramatic types of incidents have received much media attention
LENRs may have served as triggers for an unknown % of these incidents
Within the past several years, there have been battery-caused:



Houses burned to the ground (EVs, laptop computers)



Cargo aircraft destroyed in flight with crew fatalities



Thermal runaways on passenger aircraft (Boeing 787)



Bizarre explosion of lithium-ion battery recycling plant



Unexplained destruction of US Navy all-electric minisub

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October 3, 2013

Incinerations of hybrid and all-electric consumer vehicles

And a myriad of other mishaps that have been reported
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Lattice Energy LLC

Thermal runaways vary in Lithium-based batteries
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Typically well-controlled electrochemical reactions in batteries ordinarily
generate a certain amount of process heat which is dissipated harmlessly
simply by emitting invisible infra-red radiation from the battery case out
into the local environment; contents of battery cells still remain wellwithin proscribed boundaries of designed range of optimal
thermochemical operating temperatures
On rare occasions, for a variety of different reasons, a battery cell’s
electrochemical reactions can suddenly start running at greatly elevated
rates that create more process heat than normal thermal dissipative
mechanisms can easily handle, which then starts raising the temperature
of battery cell contents out beyond their ideal safe operating range;
threshold for out-of-control danger not yet crossed

At key point --- call it a battery cell’s Rubicon river --- a dangerous positive
feedback loop is created: whereby, increasing cell temperatures further
accelerate electrochemical reactions in cells which produces even more
heat, boosting local cell temperatures even higher, etc.
Thermal runaways are thus born: only question is how bad they get before
destroying enough of a battery to stop accelerating reactions
October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Thermal runaway severity varies in Lithium-based batteries
“Garden variety” thermal runaways:

 Temps: ~300o C up to 600o C (Lattice’s criteria)
 Reasonably well understood failure events
 Triggered by substantial over-charging or excessively
deep discharges of Li batteries

 Triggered by external mechanical damage to battery
cells, e.g., crushing, punctures; growth of internal
dendrites pierces plastic separators

Field-failure thermal runaways can also include electric arc internal shorting:

 Temps: > 600o C - can go up to thousands of o C with arcs
 Much rarer and comparatively poorly understood by industry
 Many believe triggered and/or accompanied by electrical arc
discharges (internal shorts); what causes initial micro-arcs?

 Much higher peak temperatures vs. garden variety events
 Lattice suggests: super-hot low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs)
could well be initial triggers for some % of them
October 3, 2013

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Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly
Thermal runaway severity varies in Lithium-based batteries
Garden variety single-cell thermal runaways can be as little as a
battery that just heats-up a bit and simply stops functioning … or a
battery’s case can bulge significantly from internally generated heat
without designed venting and releasing of contents from the inside
before it stops functioning and then starts cooling down on its own
A slightly worse variant of a garden variety thermal runaway results
in just a single cell venting or rupturing, but (in cases of flammable
electrolytes) there are no hot, flaming battery contents spewed-out
that could potentially ignite local combustibles and adjacent cells
In worst-case garden variety runaway, hot flaming electrolyte erupts
from a ruptured battery cell, which may ignite nearby materials and
cells; in this event variant (that is still not the worst-of-the-worst),
internal peak temperatures usually not yet hot-enough to melt metals
October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly
Field-failures are truly catastrophic events in chemical batteries
Battery industry definition of a field-failure thermal runaway event:

Source: “Batteries for Sustainability – Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Science and Technology,”
Ralph J. Brodd, Ed., Chapter 9 by B. Barnett et al., “Lithium-ion Batteries, Safety” Springer ISBN 978-1-4614-5791-6 (2012)

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly
Absolute worst-case Armageddon runaways involve burning metals
Field-failure category of thermal runaways can reach extremely high peak
temperatures of thousands of degrees Centigrade along with big electric arcs
Such temperatures are hot-enough to melt metallic structures inside batteries
and combust almost anything and everything located within a battery case
If initiating spark is hot-enough, battery materials containing chemically bound
oxygen will release it as O2; by creating its own oxygen supply, combustion
process becomes self-sustaining, self-propagating flame front that consumes
all burnable battery materials. Progressive thermal fratricide between cells can
reduce batteries to unrecognizable debris; such fires could burn in a vacuum

In absolutely worst-case events, even METALS can start burning in very fast,
thermite-like reactions that can boost temps up to ~ 4,000o C; this is nightmare
scenario wherein even deadly explosions with shrapnel can potentially occur

October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC
Battery industry is encountering LENRs
Detailed description of LENR processes in batteries
Please note that as little as a single blazing hot LENR-active site measuring only
30 microns in diameter --- if it happens to occur in vulnerable physical location
deep inside a battery cell and adjacent to the surface of a plastic separator only 25
microns thick --- can effectively vaporize a tiny local region of the separator,
almost instantly turning it into a dense, micron-sized ball of highly conductive
plasma. This would in turn create an electrical short between anode and cathode
at that location, triggering a large inrush of electrical arc current through the
breach in the separator dam. Intense local Joule heating would ensue from the arc
current, further enlarging the breach and spatially expanding the superheated
region inside a given battery cell. Depending on many complex, event-specific
details, such a conflagration may or may not grow to engulf an entire cell; thus
rare LENR events do not inevitably cause catastrophic heat runaways.
Under just the right conditions, a single microscopic LENR site can trigger a chain
of energetic electrical (Joule heating) and chemical (exothermic reactions)
processes that together create spatially autocatalytic, very macroscopic thermal
runaway events that destroy battery cells billions of times larger than volumes of
LENR site(s). In course of such runaways, 99.9+% of total energy released is nonnuclear; hot spark LENRs are just an effective triggering mechanism. Also note
that internal electrical shorts - whatever their cause - can also trigger runaways.
October 3, 2013

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October 3, 2013

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Lattice Energy LLC-On Oct 1 Tesla Model S Caught Fire on Highway-Has Companys Luck Run Out-Oct 3 2013H

  • 1. Lattice Energy LLC Tesla Motors Model S car catches fire on road Incident occurred on October 1, 2013 near Seattle, WA While nothing is totally conclusive yet, circumstances are suspicious re battery Large Lithium-based EV batteries are potentially risky Lewis Larsen President and CEO Lattice Energy LLC October 3, 2013 Please note: On October 16, 2013, Lattice published a detailed technical analysis of this particular Tesla incident that is also available here on SlideShare. Go to URL = http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/latticeenergy-llc-technical-discussionoct-1-tesla-motors-models-battery-thermal-runawayoctober-16-2013 Source: http://www.king5.com/news/local/Tesla-stock-tumbles-after-Model-S-catches-fire-near-Seattle-226207191.html Contact: 1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1
  • 2. Lattice Energy LLC      In July 2010, Lattice began to issue public warnings about thermal runaway risks with large, scaled-up Lithium-based battery packs; on Slide #54 in an August 6, 2013 Lattice presentation subtitled “A Fool’s Paradise” we questioned whether Tesla’s engineering had solved problematic runaway issues, or whether they had just been lucky - so far October 1, 2013 fire incident (really a form of battery runaway) with Tesla Model S that occurred near Seattle, WA suggests that they had merely been lucky to date --- battery thermal runaway issues have not yet been truly solved by Tesla Motors or anyone else As seen in the progression of news stories quoted from herein, Tesla began the news cycle by trying to assert that the battery pack had nothing to do with the hot fire that consumed the front end of a $70,000 car. By Wednesday evening they finally admitted that the battery was in fact the culprit, but that the incident had been triggered by the vehicle’s impact with “metal debris” that had been lying on the road surface and that consequent mechanical damage to battery cells triggered the thermal runaway fire event; they are emphatically asserting that the battery did not catch fire spontaneously While Tesla’s theory of the incident is plausible, it is inconsistent with statements made by the highway patrol officer --- trained to be keenly observant --- who first investigated the accident scene and found no evidence whatsoever of any claimed “metallic debris” Unless conclusive physical evidence is revealed that proves otherwise, Lattice believes it is more likely that the fire was caused by a spontaneous heat-event inside the battery October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
  • 3. Lattice Energy LLC LENRs are a very new type of green nuclear technology Combustion of fossil fuels (strictly chemical processes involving outer valence electrons of nuclei): Comments: emits copious quantities of CO2, a greenhouse gas; comprises vast majority of mankind’s energy production today Scale of energy release: eVs (chemical regime) Alternate natural sources of fuel: primarily oil, coal, and biomass; basic reaction: CH 4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O + energy Controlled release of nuclear binding energy (fission and fusion; mainly involve strong interaction): Comments: no CO2 emission; emit dangerous energetic radiation (γ, neutron); today <10% of global energy production Scale of energy release: MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x all chemical energy sources Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy): Comments: requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major rad-waste clean-up Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons  (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy Fusion of light nuclei: (involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy): Comments: present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor rad-waste clean-up $ vs. fission Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen) Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T  He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron) Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs - key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak interaction; neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy): Comments: early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR systems do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures  much lower $ cost Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture ULM neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on seed nuclei then proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
  • 4. Lattice Energy LLC LENRs are neither fission nor fusion but something rather different Low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) are a uniquely green nuclear technology: no deadly energetic gamma or neutron radiation and no production of long-lived radioactive wastes October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4
  • 5. Lattice Energy LLC Relevant Lattice documents Convergence of advanced batteries, energetic materials and LENRs : “Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, September 6, 2013 [110 slides with detailed table of contents] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-increasedenergy-densities-drive-convergence-of-batteries-and-lenrssept-6-2013 Document concerns great difficulties in containing and extinguishing thermal runaways: “Systems to contain Lithium-based battery thermal runaways and fires; is it a feasible engineering goal or just a fool’s paradise?” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, August 6, 2013 [93 slides – includes detailed table of contents] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-containment-of-lithiumbased-battery-firesa-fools-paradiseaug-6-2013 Index to large collection of documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology: “Index to key concepts and documents” v. #14 L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [88 slides] Updated and revised through September 12, 2013 http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013 October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5
  • 6. Lattice Energy LLC Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident Source URL: http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/tesla-stock-tumbles-model-catches-fire-20450475 Continuing quote: Webb said there was too much damage from the fire to see what damage the debris may have caused. Quoting directly: The incident happened Tuesday after 8 a.m. as the driver was traveling southbound on state Route 167 through Kent, said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The driver stated that he believed he had struck some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited the highway and the vehicle became disabled. The driver told authorities he began to smell something burning and then the vehicle caught fire. Firefighters needed several attempts to extinguish the flames because the blaze kept reigniting, Webb said. A trooper who responded to the scene was unable to locate any objects on the roadway, but Department of Transportation workers did observe some debris near the scene. October 3, 2013 The automobile site Jalopnik.com posted photos of the blaze that it says were taken by a reader, along with a video. The video shows the front of the Tesla Model S in flames. In a statement issued Wednesday, Tesla said the fire was caused by "substantial damage" to the car when the driver hit a large metal object in the road. The flames, the company said, were contained to the front of the $70,000 vehicle due to its design and construction. "All indications are that the fire never entered the interior cabin of the car. It was extinguished on-site by the Fire Department," the statement said. Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
  • 7. Lattice Energy LLC Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident Source URL: http://jalopnik.com/this-is-what-fiery-tesla-model-s-death-looks-like-1440143525 Incident video source URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=q0kjI08n4fg October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7
  • 8. Lattice Energy LLC Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident Image below: freeze-frame from amateur video of incident shows entire front-end of Tesla Model S completely engulfed in flames Incident video source URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=q0kjI08n4fg October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 8
  • 9. Lattice Energy LLC Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident Source URL: http://www.king5.com/news/local/Tesla-stock-tumbles-after-Model-S-catches-fire-near-Seattle-226207191.html Quoting: The incident happened Tuesday after 8 a.m. as the driver was traveling southbound on state Route 167 through Kent, said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The driver stated that he believed he had struck some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited the highway and the vehicle became disabled. The driver told authorities he began to smell something burning and then the vehicle caught fire. Firefighters needed several attempts to extinguish the flames because the blaze kept reigniting, Webb said. A trooper who responded to the scene was unable to locate any objects on the roadway, but Department of Transportation workers did observe some debris near the scene. by MIKE BAKER / Associated Press Posted on October 2, 2013 at 2:52 PM Updated today at 4:19 PM SEATTLE - Shares of electric car company Tesla sank more than 6 percent Wednesday after an Internet video showed flames spewing from one of the company's vehicles near Seattle. October 3, 2013 Webb said there was too much damage from the fire to see what damage the debris may have caused. The automobile site Jalopnik.com posted photos of the blaze that it says were taken by a reader, along with a video. The video shows the front of the Tesla Model S in flames. Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9
  • 10. Lattice Energy LLC Selected news stories: Oct. 1, 2013 Tesla Model S incident Source URL: http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/tesla-stock-tumbles-model-catches-fire-20450475 Continuing quote: The driver, who did not return a phone call seeking comment, told authorities he began to smell something burning and then the vehicle caught fire. Firefighters arrived within 3 minutes of the first call. It's not clear from records how long the firefighting lasted, but crews remained on scene for 2 1/2 hours. Quoting directly: In an incident report released under Washington state's public records law, firefighters wrote that they appeared to have Tuesday's fire under control, but the flames reignited. Crews found that water seemed to intensify the fire, so they began using a dry chemical extinguisher. After dismantling the front end of the vehicle and puncturing holes in the battery pack, responders used a circular saw to cut an access hole in the front section to apply water to the battery, according to documents. Only then was the fire extinguished. The incident happened as the Tesla's driver was traveling southbound on state Route 167 through the Seattle suburb of Kent, said Trooper Chris Webb of the Washington State Patrol. The driver said he believed he had struck some metal debris on the freeway, so he exited the highway and the vehicle became disabled. October 3, 2013 Tesla said the flames were contained to the front of the $70,000 vehicle due to its design and construction. "This was not a spontaneous event," JarvisShean said. "Every indication we have at this point is that the fire was a result of the collision and the damage sustained through that." There was too much damage from the fire to see what damage debris may have caused, Webb said. The automobile website Jalopnik.com posted photos of the blaze that it says were taken by a reader, along with a video. Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 10
  • 11. Lattice Energy LLC Tesla Motors Model S Overview of body, front/rear axle assemblies, electric motor and battery Electric motor Lithium-ion battery pack Image source: Tesla Motors October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 11
  • 12. Lattice Energy LLC Tesla Motors Model S Front/rear axle assemblies integrated with battery pack and wheels Electric motor Image source: Tesla Motors Front radiator and heat exchanger for battery pack’s cooling system Lithium-ion battery pack integrated with frame/chassis Image source: Tesla Motors October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 12
  • 13. Lattice Energy LLC Tesla Motors Model S Close-up images of front and rear ends of the vehicle Front October 3, 2013 Rear Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 13
  • 14. Lattice Energy LLC Tesla Motors Model S Panning image shot from rear of vehicle shows integrated components Image credit: GT Carlot October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 14
  • 15. Lattice Energy LLC October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 15
  • 16. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaways on mobile platforms New applications for Lithium-based batteries in autos and aircraft Fires and other dramatic types of incidents have received much media attention LENRs may have served as triggers for an unknown % of these incidents Within the past several years, there have been battery-caused:   Houses burned to the ground (EVs, laptop computers)  Cargo aircraft destroyed in flight with crew fatalities  Thermal runaways on passenger aircraft (Boeing 787)  Bizarre explosion of lithium-ion battery recycling plant  Unexplained destruction of US Navy all-electric minisub  October 3, 2013 Incinerations of hybrid and all-electric consumer vehicles And a myriad of other mishaps that have been reported Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 16
  • 17. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaways vary in Lithium-based batteries   Typically well-controlled electrochemical reactions in batteries ordinarily generate a certain amount of process heat which is dissipated harmlessly simply by emitting invisible infra-red radiation from the battery case out into the local environment; contents of battery cells still remain wellwithin proscribed boundaries of designed range of optimal thermochemical operating temperatures On rare occasions, for a variety of different reasons, a battery cell’s electrochemical reactions can suddenly start running at greatly elevated rates that create more process heat than normal thermal dissipative mechanisms can easily handle, which then starts raising the temperature of battery cell contents out beyond their ideal safe operating range; threshold for out-of-control danger not yet crossed At key point --- call it a battery cell’s Rubicon river --- a dangerous positive feedback loop is created: whereby, increasing cell temperatures further accelerate electrochemical reactions in cells which produces even more heat, boosting local cell temperatures even higher, etc. Thermal runaways are thus born: only question is how bad they get before destroying enough of a battery to stop accelerating reactions October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 17
  • 18. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaway severity varies in Lithium-based batteries “Garden variety” thermal runaways:  Temps: ~300o C up to 600o C (Lattice’s criteria)  Reasonably well understood failure events  Triggered by substantial over-charging or excessively deep discharges of Li batteries  Triggered by external mechanical damage to battery cells, e.g., crushing, punctures; growth of internal dendrites pierces plastic separators Field-failure thermal runaways can also include electric arc internal shorting:  Temps: > 600o C - can go up to thousands of o C with arcs  Much rarer and comparatively poorly understood by industry  Many believe triggered and/or accompanied by electrical arc discharges (internal shorts); what causes initial micro-arcs?  Much higher peak temperatures vs. garden variety events  Lattice suggests: super-hot low energy nuclear reactions (LENRs) could well be initial triggers for some % of them October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
  • 19. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly Thermal runaway severity varies in Lithium-based batteries Garden variety single-cell thermal runaways can be as little as a battery that just heats-up a bit and simply stops functioning … or a battery’s case can bulge significantly from internally generated heat without designed venting and releasing of contents from the inside before it stops functioning and then starts cooling down on its own A slightly worse variant of a garden variety thermal runaway results in just a single cell venting or rupturing, but (in cases of flammable electrolytes) there are no hot, flaming battery contents spewed-out that could potentially ignite local combustibles and adjacent cells In worst-case garden variety runaway, hot flaming electrolyte erupts from a ruptured battery cell, which may ignite nearby materials and cells; in this event variant (that is still not the worst-of-the-worst), internal peak temperatures usually not yet hot-enough to melt metals October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 19
  • 20. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly Field-failures are truly catastrophic events in chemical batteries Battery industry definition of a field-failure thermal runaway event: Source: “Batteries for Sustainability – Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Science and Technology,” Ralph J. Brodd, Ed., Chapter 9 by B. Barnett et al., “Lithium-ion Batteries, Safety” Springer ISBN 978-1-4614-5791-6 (2012) October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 20
  • 21. Lattice Energy LLC Thermal runaways: batteries behaving badly Absolute worst-case Armageddon runaways involve burning metals Field-failure category of thermal runaways can reach extremely high peak temperatures of thousands of degrees Centigrade along with big electric arcs Such temperatures are hot-enough to melt metallic structures inside batteries and combust almost anything and everything located within a battery case If initiating spark is hot-enough, battery materials containing chemically bound oxygen will release it as O2; by creating its own oxygen supply, combustion process becomes self-sustaining, self-propagating flame front that consumes all burnable battery materials. Progressive thermal fratricide between cells can reduce batteries to unrecognizable debris; such fires could burn in a vacuum In absolutely worst-case events, even METALS can start burning in very fast, thermite-like reactions that can boost temps up to ~ 4,000o C; this is nightmare scenario wherein even deadly explosions with shrapnel can potentially occur October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 21
  • 22. Lattice Energy LLC Battery industry is encountering LENRs Detailed description of LENR processes in batteries Please note that as little as a single blazing hot LENR-active site measuring only 30 microns in diameter --- if it happens to occur in vulnerable physical location deep inside a battery cell and adjacent to the surface of a plastic separator only 25 microns thick --- can effectively vaporize a tiny local region of the separator, almost instantly turning it into a dense, micron-sized ball of highly conductive plasma. This would in turn create an electrical short between anode and cathode at that location, triggering a large inrush of electrical arc current through the breach in the separator dam. Intense local Joule heating would ensue from the arc current, further enlarging the breach and spatially expanding the superheated region inside a given battery cell. Depending on many complex, event-specific details, such a conflagration may or may not grow to engulf an entire cell; thus rare LENR events do not inevitably cause catastrophic heat runaways. Under just the right conditions, a single microscopic LENR site can trigger a chain of energetic electrical (Joule heating) and chemical (exothermic reactions) processes that together create spatially autocatalytic, very macroscopic thermal runaway events that destroy battery cells billions of times larger than volumes of LENR site(s). In course of such runaways, 99.9+% of total energy released is nonnuclear; hot spark LENRs are just an effective triggering mechanism. Also note that internal electrical shorts - whatever their cause - can also trigger runaways. October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 22
  • 23. Lattice Energy LLC October 3, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 23