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November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
November 27, 2013
Contact: 1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/presentations
Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs
Truly green nuclear process: no deadly radiation or long-lived wastes
Hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation is absent
2013: device physics sufficiently understood to begin commercialization
Evolution of nuclear technology
1945 2013
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2
Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for multispectral,
high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs are neither fission nor fusion but something
rather different and wonderful
LENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs differ greatly from fission and fusion technologies
Lack of hard radiation obviates need for shielding and containment
Opportunity to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources
Evolution of nuclear
technology
Fission reactors need 1 foot of steel and 3 feet of concrete
to protect humans from hard radiation and wastes emitted
by reactor; makes systems intrinsically large and heavy
LENRs enable devices something like
this: small, portable battery-like power
sources that are safe and disposable
Much larger LENR devices based on dusty
plasma embodiments can potentially scale-up
to megawatts; akin to today’s power plants
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Comparison of competing nuclear power technologies
Fission and fusion emit hard radiation and produce radioactive wastes
Fission, fusion, and LENRs all involve the controlled release of nuclear binding energy for power generation:
No CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources
Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs
Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development
Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons  (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived
isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy
Fusion of light nuclei: (involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy):
Present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive
shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor radioactive waste clean-up $ vs. fission
Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen)
Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T  He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron)
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs - key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak interaction;
neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy):
An early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR systems
do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures  much lower $ cost
Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture LE neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy
Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on target nuclei then
proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures
LENRs do not emit any hard radiation or create environmentally harmful wastes
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
LENRs and the Future of Energy
1929: Atkinson & Houtermans theorize light element fusion
1932: Chadwick experimentally verifies existence of the neutron
1934: Rutherford, Oliphant & Harteck experimentally trigger D fusion
1939: Bethe theorized that H fusion reactions power the stars
D + D g H3 (Tritium) + proton
D + D g He3 (Helium-3) + neutron
D + T g He4 (Helium-4) + neutron
LENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6
Deuterium + Tritium reaction has been Holy Grail of fusion R&D
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Government R&D programs chased D-T fusion for 60 years
Easier vs. other fusion reactions but creates very energetic neutrons
Still decades from commercialization: ITER reactor in Cadarache, France
D-T fusion reaction
n
n
n
nn n
2H+
3H+
n
n n
2H+ + 3H+  4He2+ + 1n + 17.6 MeV
fusion
4He2+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
p+
1n0
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 8
LENRs and the Future of Energy
1934: Fermi published theory of beta decay w. neutrinos
Beta- decay processes important contributor to ‘greenness’ of LENRs
Beta decay reactions can release substantial amounts of nuclear binding energy
Beta-minus decay (β-): one neutron spontaneously converts into a proton
Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14
Beta-plus decay (β+): one proton spontaneously converts into a neutron
Carbon-10 Boron-10
+ +
+ +
β -
β +
Antineutrino
Neutrino
Electron
Positron
6 protons
8 neutrons
7 protons
7 neutrons
6 protons
4 neutrons
5 protons
5 neutrons
ν
ν
e-
e+
Unstable
neutron-rich
isotopes
Unstable
neutron-poor
isotopes
Nucleus composed of:
Nucleus composed of:
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Energy release
is ~200 MeV
fragments fly
away at high
velocities
U235 nucleus
splits, i.e.,
fissions
U235 nucleus
deforms further
U235 nucleus
deforms
U235 nucleus
captures
neutron
n
n
n
n
Emits
multiple,
MeV-
energy,
“fast”
neutrons
November 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9
Energetic
gamma
photons
Energetic
gamma
photons
LENRs and the Future of Energy
1938: Hahn & Strassman experimentally confirmed fission
Today’s commercial nuclear power plants all use Uranium fission
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 10
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Xxxxxxxxxxx
Image credit: TeraScale Supernova Initiative
1946: Hoyle theorized e + p reactions in dying stars
Core-collapse triggers e + p at gigantic temps/pressures in supernova
Dying star explodes, creating much heavier elements and remnant neutron star
Deep in super-dense,
unbelievably hot inner
cores of dying stars,
electrons e- are able
to directly react with
protons p+ to create
huge numbers of very
energetic neutrons n0
Even under these
incredibly extreme
stellar conditions, the
e- + p+ process is still
~ a two-body reaction
Having no net electric
charge, neutrons are
promiscuous nuclear
particles that will be
very quickly captured
(i.e., absorbed) by other
atomic nuclei (elements)
that are present in stars
Two-body reactions
require enormously
high temperatures to
create electron kinetic
energies that impart
enough additional
mass-energy to fast
electrons to make-up
the “mass deficit”
necessary to react
directly with protons to
make neutrons
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 11
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Astrophysics view of element creation in Universe
Older paradigm posits that nucleosynthesis can only occur in stars
Atomic Mass (A)
Note: number of protons in
nucleus determine + charge and
the element’s atomic number (Z)
Hydrogen (H) 1
Iron (Fe) 56
Bismuth (Bi) 209
Lawrencium (Lw) 262
Uranium (U) 235
Unstable to α-
decay and
fission; also
rare decays of
other types of
particles
Fission and α-decay
processes recycle
heavy elements back
into lighter ones
(lower values of A)
Charged-particle
fusion reactions in
stellar cores (A1+A2)
Different elements all have different
atomic numbers (Z); a given element
may have >1 stable and unstable
isotopes that differ in A (total number
of neutrons + protons = A). Today,
there are 112 recognized elements
(heaviest is Copernicium: Z = 112, A
= 277, H.L. = 29 sec) and over 3,000
known stable and unstable isotopes
Neutron-capture
(A+1n): r-process
operates from
A~56 up to ???
β-decays
Copernicium (Cn) 277
Cosmic
nucleosyntheticcycle
invaluesofA
proton p+ and e-
Fusion up to Fe; from there neutron capture processes can reach superheavies
Neutron-capture
(A+1n): s- process
leads to heavier
unstable isotopes
A> 277 Superheavies
Beta-decay: unstable, neutron-rich
isotopes generally decay via the beta-
minus (β-) decay process; converts a
neutron (n) into a charged proton;
atomic number increases by +1 which
creates a stable or unstable isotope of
a different element; value of A = ~same
Fusion reactions: deep in cores of stars
s-process: thought to occur in outer
envelopes of late-stage red giant stars
r-process: as of today, while most believe
it occurs only in supernova explosions,
nobody is 100% certain that idea is true
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 12
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Scientists observed LENRs in experiments for > 100 years
Not recognized as being nuclear because no hard radiation emitted
Periodically resurfaced as unexplained anomalies in different guises
Early 1900s: many researchers reported seeing transmutation of elements during electric discharges
1922: Wendt & Irion reported producing Helium in exploding wires; Rutherford trashed their results
1925: Nagaoka reported producing Gold during electric arc discharges; few believed paper’s results
1927: one of Millikan’s PhD students reported heavy element transmutations; not generally believed
Early 1930s to 1950: dark ages of LENR transmutation research; not pursued by anyone anywhere
1951: Sternglass saw neutron production in discharges; consulted Bethe & Einstein; dropped work
Mid-1960s: neutron production seen during RF excitation of Deuterium plasma; work was dropped
1989: Pons & Fleischmann claimed D+D “cold fusion” seen in electrolytic cell; trashed by scientists
2002: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported Cs to Pr transmutation in refereed journal; questioned
2006: Widom and Larsen published theory’s key parts in peer-reviewed European Physical Journal C
2012: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed Nagaoka’s LENR transmutation path to Gold at ANS
2013: Toyota finally confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation of stable Cesium g Praseodymium
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 13
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs in context of historical events beginning in 1942
1942: Enrico Fermi activated Manhattan Project's first working fission reactor at Univ. of Chicago
1945: US first to use nuclear weapons in war; destroyed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan
1946: Prof. Fred Hoyle first published e + p neutronization reaction theorized in cores of dying stars
1951: A. Einstein, H. Bethe & E. Sternglass reviewed apparent e + p reaction in tabletop apparatus
1952: US detonated first fission-fusion thermonuclear weapon at Eniwetok Island, South Pacific
1955: First commercial fission-based nuclear power reactor in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, USA
1957: M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle published paper delineating modern astrophysics
1965: M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle published paper suggesting ex-core nucleosynthesis
1960s: S. Glashow, A. Salam & S. Weinberg published modern theory of electroweak interaction
1970 thru early 1980s: Glashow-Salam-Weinberg’s electroweak theory confirmed experimentally
1985: ITER fusion power generation project first began at 1985 superpower summit in Geneva
1986: K. Erik Drexler published “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”
1989: S. Pons & M. Fleischmann “cold fusion” debacle began with Univ. of Utah press conference
2001: Lattice Energy LLC commenced operation to commercialize LENRs for power generation
2005: A. Widom and L. Larsen released first theoretical preprint re LENRs on Cornell physics arXiv
2006: A. Widom and L. Larsen published core of LENR theory in the European Physical Journal C
2010: ITER began 10-year construction phase with estimated completion costs of 13 billion Euros
2010: Y. Srivastava, A. Widom & L. Larsen published theory paper in Pramana - Journal of Physics
2012: CERN sponsored first-ever colloquium on LENRs with Y. Srivastava discussing W-L theory
2012: American Nuclear Society sponsored first working session on LENRs to be held in 16 years
2013: LENR device physics now understood well enough to begin commercialization for power
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 14
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs are an incredibly interdisciplinary technology
Resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen put all pieces together
Nanometer-to-micron scale many-body collective effects enable the ‘impossible’
Widom-Larsen theory
of LENRS and related
areas of science and
technology in
condensed matter
systems utilize crucial
knowledge derived
from all of these varied
disciplines
Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
Collective many-body effects
Modern quantum mechanics
Condensed matter physics
Classical electrodynamics
Modern nuclear physics
Surface chemistry (H)
All nanotechnology
Surface physics
Plasma physics
Plasmonics
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 15
LENRs and the Future of Energy
“… eventually there comes a time when neither
component replacement nor structural deepening [of
the older, dominant technological paradigm] add
much to performance. If further advancement is
sought, a [new] novel principle is needed.” pp. 138
“Origination is not just a new way of doing things,
but a new way of seeing things … And the new
threatens … to make the old expertise obsolete.
Often in fact, some version of the new principle
[paradigm] has been already touted or already exists
and has been dismissed by standard practitioners,
not necessarily because lack of imagination. But
because it creates a cognitive dissonance, an
emotional mismatch, between the potential of the
new and the security of the old.” pp. 139
W. Brian Arthur, “The Nature of Technology - What it is and how it
evolves” Free Press (2009)
Revolution in energy technology is length-scale-related
Will trigger vast paradigm-shifting change in power generation systems
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 16
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Widom-Larsen theory explains e + p in condensed matter
Enabled by many-body collective effects along with quantum mechanics
No new physics in W-L theory: combines well-established physics in novel ways
 Since 1989, most previously proposed theories of LENRs
presumed that Coulomb barrier-penetrating D-D fusion was taking
place in LENRs. However, these earlier theories incorporated many
ad hoc assumptions, invoked questionable “new physics,” and
were readily dismissed by mainstream physicists and chemists
 Prior to work of Widom-Larsen, no comprehensive theory of
LENRs existed that was consistent with known physics and could
explain results of ordinary hydrogen as well as deuterium
experiments, correctly identify the cause of complex transmutation
products, and be able to calculate observed reaction rates from
first principles; only theory able to explain Prof. John Huizenga’s
“three miracles” discussed in highly critical 1993 book
 W-L theoretical work involves Standard Model interactions and
many-body collective Q-M effects: explains all good experimental
data on LENRs dating back to early 1900s, especially absence of
‘hard’ MeV-energy neutron or gamma radiation and negligible
production of long-lived radioactive wastes; predicts new types of
experimentally verifiable phenomena in condensed matter systems
If LENRs involved any fission or fusion,
many researchers would have been
killed by lethal doses of deadly hard
radiation that would have invariably
accompanied measurable excess heat
Frank Frazetta, “The Death Dealer” (1973)
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 17
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Many-body collective quantum effects enable LENRs
Do not need star-like temps/pressures to make neutrons from protons
Star-like nucleosynthesis of elements is therefore possible in tabletop systems
Nuclear-strength surface electric fields in nm- to μ-sized active sites enable e + p reaction
Widom-Larsen physics on small length-scales enables an energy revolution
ITER: D+T fusion reactor
LENR device
Person
Length-scale: millions of miles Length-scale: hundreds of feet
Length-scale: inches
These are safe!Dangerous energetic 14.1 MeV neutrons
Fusion reactions in a Red Giant star
Temperatures: millions of degrees Temperatures: millions of degrees
Temperatures:
thousands of degrees
in microscopic regions
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Large length scales
Huge array of new
technological possibilities
and opportunities open-up
at micron to nanometer
length-scales
Nuclear-strength surface electric fields in nm- to μ-sized active sites enable e + p reaction
LENRs and the Future of Energy
What was thought impossible becomes possible at nm
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 19
LENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 20
LENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 21
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Basic reactions in Widom-Larsen theory are simple
Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons
Neutrons are then captured by other atoms g catalyze nuclear transmutations
EnergyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe
Collective many-body quantum
effects: many electrons each donate
little bits of energy to a much smaller
number of electrons that are also
embedded in same high electric field
Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number
of electrons that absorb energy from electric field
can increase their effective masses (m = E/c2) to
point where they can react directly with protons
(or deuterons) to make neutrons and neutrinos
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive photons that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons: capture on nearby atoms
Neutrons + nearby atoms heavier elements + decay products
Neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic transmutation processes:
Releases large amounts of nuclear binding energy as energetic particles and photons that heat
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 22
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Many-body collective quantum effects are key to LENRs
Written as two-body e-* + p+ reaction --- what happens in Nature is many-body
LENR many-body collective effects also involve mutual quantum entanglement
Above is what really occurs in condensed matter systems
What really happens is many-body
Collective
quantum
mechanical
‘magic’
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 23
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron fluxes
Neutrons created by W-L collective process have ultra low energy
Causes them to have huge quantum mechanical de Broglie wavelengths
 Collectively produced LENR neutrons are created with
kinetic energies that closely approach a value of zero
 According to quantum mechanics, this means that their
de Broglie wavelengths will have to be extremely large;
for technical reasons explained elsewhere, de Broglie
wavelengths of such neutrons must span dimensions of
the LENR-active surface patches that first created them
 Diameters of LENR-active surface patches range from 2
nanometers (nm) up to ~100 microns --- this determines
neutron de Broglie wavelength dimensions; for instants,
normally subatomic fm neutrons are the sizes of bacteria
 Neutrons with de Broglie wavelengths this huge will be
captured locally within picoseconds; never have quite
enough time to thermalize and escape into environment
 This is why LENRs do not emit dangerous MeV neutrons
Examples of objects on varied length-scales
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 24
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs do not emit deadly fluxes of MeV-energy gammas
Unreacted heavy electrons in LENR patches convert γ-rays into heat
Convert gamma radiation in energy range: ~0.5 MeV up to ~10 - 11.0 MeV
Gamma Photons
~0.5 – 1.0 to ~10 - 11 MeV energy
Heavy Electrons
Frequency Down
Conversion
Infrared Photons i.e., Heat
Lattice fundamental patent:
US #7,893,414 B2
Direct conversion of
gammas into infrared heat Unreacted heavy-mass SP electrons in LENR-active
surface patches can actively absorb and directly
convert either locally emitted or incident gamma photon
radiation in energy range of ~0.5 MeV up to ~10 - 11 MeV
into much larger numbers of less-energetic infrared (IR)
photons at high efficiency; process conserves energy
 When ULM neutron captures onto an atom located
inside entangled 3-D Q-M domain of an LENR-active
patch, there are normally prompt gamma photon
emissions by such atoms. Since this prompt capture-
related gamma radiation occurs inside 3-D quantum
mechanical structure of a 3-D LENR-active patch, there
are perforce always heavy electrons available nearby to
absorb and convert such gamma emissions into IR
 Lattice awarded a patent on process: US #7,893,414 B2
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 25
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs do not create large amounts of long-lived radwastes
Trick is to create unstable neutron-rich products that decay quickly
β- cascades start with unstable isotopes that decay into stable elements
 Fluxes of ULM neutrons will cause a build-up of local
populations of unstable, extremely neutron-rich isotopes
comprising intermediate LENR transmutation products
 At some point during limited lifetime of tiny LENR-active
patches, almost all such very unstable isotopes present will
quickly decay, mainly by a series of fast β- decay cascades
 Depending on the half-lives (HL) of intermediate LENR
products, ULMN captures and β- decay chains can rapidly
traverse entire rows of periodic table, finally ending with
creation of end-products that are almost invariably stable
isotopes of higher-Z elements (see one example to right)
 β- decay cascades explain why complex LENR transmutation
networks almost never produce any significant amounts of
biologically hazardous, nasty long-lived radioactive wastes
Nickel-68 is a product of
neutron captures on stable
Nickel isotopes, β- decays
transmute 68Ni to stable Zinc
Chainofextremelyfastbetadecays
β- decay cascade to stable Zinc
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 26
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENR transmutations can be triggered in chemical cells
Electric current input to electrolytic cells can create multiple elements
Nickel-cathode electrolytic cells produced star-like LENR products in two weeks
Composite image: expanding supernova remnant G1.9+0.33in local galaxy credit - NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory (2007) and NRAO VLA (1985)
LENRs and the Future of Energy
W-L optical model superimposed on Miley’s ca.1996 data
Source of modified graphic: New Energy Times
 Ca. 1996 Miley (Univ. of Illinois) and Mizuno
(Hokkaido Univ.) both reported experimental
results with current-driven aqueous H2O and
D2O electrolytic cells in which essentially the
same very complex 5-peak mass spectrum of
LENR transmutation products was observed
via mass spec after ~two weeks of operation
 At the time, these results were considered to
be inexplicable by any extant theory of LENRs
 In 2006, Widom and Larsen finally explained
this very anomalous data with an absorption
model for ultra low momentum LENR neutrons
on nuclei; excellent agreement between W-L
model’s predictions and data shown to right
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 26
Stars are not mandatory for nucleosynthesis:
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Artists conception of colliding neutron stars
Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital Inc.
“Neutron starbursts can forge gold”
Simon Redfern, BBC News, July 18, 2013
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-
environment-23361153
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Astrophysicists believe Gold is only created in stars
Gold can be created in labs on earth; Nagaoka first achieved it in 1925
Unfortunately many did not believe his peer-reviewed report published in Nature
Stable 74W180-186
seeds
Series of
Intermediate
Isotopes
78Pt197
79Au197
+n and decays
β- decay
Neutron-catalyzed transmutations
+n
78Pt196
LENRs transmute Tungsten into Gold
 In 1925, Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka, one of most famous
physicists in Japan at that time, published refereed
report in Nature claiming that Gold (Au) had been
produced during high-current electric discharges
between Tungsten (W) metal electrodes that were
immersed in a bath of hydrocarbon transformer oil
 Although paper was peer-reviewed and Nagaoka
pleaded with other researchers to attempt to repeat his
team’s experiments, no one did so anywhere in world
 In 2012, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) finally
confirmed Nagaoka’s neutron-catalyzed transmutation
pathway from Tungsten to Platinum and to Gold using
Mitsubishi’s novel Deuterium gas permeation method;
announced result at American Nuclear Society meeting
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27
Artists conception of colliding neutron stars
Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital Inc.
“Neutron starbursts can forge gold”
Simon Redfern, BBC News, July 18, 2013
Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-
environment-23361153
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Astrophysicists believe Gold is naturally created in stars
Gold can be created in labs on earth; Nagaoka first achieved it in 1925
Unfortunately many did not believe his peer-reviewed paper published in Nature
Stable 74W180-186
targets
Series of
Intermediate
Isotopes
78Pt197
79Au197
+n and decays
β- decay
Neutron-catalyzed transmutations
+n
78Pt196
LENRs transmute Tungsten into Gold
 In 1925, Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka, one of most famous
physicists in Japan at that time, published a refereed
report in Nature claiming visible Gold (Au) had been
produced during high-current electric discharges
between Tungsten (W) metal electrodes that were
immersed in a bath of hydrocarbon transformer oil
 Although paper was peer-reviewed and Nagaoka
pleaded with other researchers to attempt to repeat his
team’s experiments, no one did so anywhere in world
 In 2012, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) finally
confirmed Nagaoka’s neutron-catalyzed transmutation
pathway from Tungsten to Platinum and to Gold using
Mitsubishi’s novel Deuterium gas permeation method;
announced result at American Nuclear Society meeting
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 28
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Large companies in Japan have LENR R&D programs
Oct. 2013: Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s earlier transmutation results
Used LENR lab process to transmute stable Cesium targets into Praseodymium
Cesium
Praseodymium
LENR neutron transmutation
Inputs: modest pressure,
moderate temperatures,
and some time
 In Oct. 2013, Toyota published paper in peer-reviewed Japanese Journal
of Applied Physics which finally confirmed important experimental results
first published by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 2002. MHI had claimed
transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of
Deuterium gas through thin-film heterostructure containing elemental
Palladium using new type of permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi
 All these results are both predicted and fully explained by peer-reviewed
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs; neutrons capture on ‘target’ elements
 While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not suitable for commercial
power generation based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent
laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be
triggered without using huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures
 At American Nuclear Society meeting in November 2012, Dr. Yasuhiro
Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had
recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese
companies that he declined to name publicly; would not be surprising if
their R&D programs aim to eventually replace internal combustion engine
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LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs are a game-
changer for energy
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LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy
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Reaction Type Typical “Average” Energy Release Relative Index of
Energy Release
U-235 Conventional Fission
H+H Fusion in Stars
D+T Fusion Reactors
Light and Heavy Water LENRs
Blacklight Power’s “Hydrinos”
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Combustion of Gasoline
220 MeV 1000
27 MeV
17. 6 MeV
~ 0.1 MeV (low side)
~ 22 MeV (high side)
max 0.02 MeV
0.0001 MeV
0.0002 MeV
123
80
91
0.45
0.09
0.0001
0.00005
Nuclear:
Strong Interaction
Nuclear:
Weak Interaction
?
Chemical
Less Energy
Per Reaction
(1938)
(1939)
(1950s)
(1838)
(1876)
(1991)
TaekwondoAikidoChemical
Evolutionofnucleartechnology
Hydrogen- and
Deuterium-based
LENRs
(1989)
Typical energy releases in power generation technologies
Some LENR processes release > energy than D-T fusion reaction
LENRs better than fission or fusion because no hard radiation emitted
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 31
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Release of nuclear binding energy produces process heat
Several different mechanisms produce clean heat in LENR systems
 Conceptually, LENR neutrons act like catalytic ‘matches’ that are used to ‘light the
logs’ of target fuel nuclei. A neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation network
operates to release nuclear binding energy that has been stored and locked away
in ‘nuclei fuel logs’ since they were originally produced in nucleosynthetic
processes of long-dead stars, many billions of years ago
 Complex LENR networks produce usable process heat that arises mainly from:
 Direct conversion of gamma photons (γ) into infrared photons (IR) by heavy
electrons; e.g., γ from neutron captures or β and other types of decays. IR is
then scattered and absorbed by local matter, increasing its temperature (heat)
 Nuclear decays in which energetic charged particles are emitted (e.g., alphas,
betas, protons, deuterons, tritons); particles then transfer their kinetic energy
by scattering on local matter, increasing its temperature (heat)
 Neutrino photons from weak interactions do not contribute to production of
process heat; they essentially bleed-off a small portion of released nuclear
binding energy outward into space; unavoidable neutrino emissions are part of
the energetic cost of obtaining energy releases in LENR networks from β- decays
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 32
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENR device manufacturing processes would use nanotech
Commercial production methods would resemble advanced batteries
 Over time, LENR devices could ride down the manufacturing experience cost curve
and thus drastically reduce cost of LENR-generated power; this would be similar to
build-cost reduction and market penetration strategies used by manufacturers of
microprocessors, memory chips, PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and batteries
 As product manufacturing experience accumulates and internal build costs are
progressively reduced, leverage enormous energy density/longevity advantages of
LENRs (>million times larger than chemical); price scaled-up versions of LENR-
based systems to drastically undercut price/performance provided by competing
thermal sources and chemically-based power generation systems. Strategy can be
applied to battery, distributed stationary, mobile, and central station power markets
 Potential to gradually replace internal combustion engines over time; enable
reduction of CO2 emissions and eventual “energy independence” from petroleum
 Widespread global deployment of LENR technologies, together with synergistic
large- and small-scale photovoltaic and wind-power systems, could create a less
expensive, greener energy future for humanity. LENRs and a portfolio of other types
of carbon-free energy technologies have the potential to democratize access to
clean, affordable CO2-free energy for every inhabitant of the planet
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33
LENRs and the Future of Energy
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33
LENRs and the Future of Energy
LENRs + kaizen g Jihui - the future
Green ultra-high performance power generation
systems for important portable, stationary, and
mobile applications
Convergence of technologies and change trigger revolution
Jihui (机会) is composed of the Chinese characters: 机 (ji) and 会 (hui)
is somewhat the antonym of weiji (crisis or danger) and has a connotation of chance or opportunity.
Kaizen (改善) is a Japanese concept of "improvement" or "change for the better", refers to philosophy or
practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and
business management.
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 34
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Additional reading for the technically inclined
LENR nucleosynthesis occurs in Nature as well as the laboratory
Red giant stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and weapons are not required
LENRs occur naturally at relatively low rates in amazing variety of different types of systems:
 Catalytic converters of cars and trucks during normal vehicular operation
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-catalytic-convertersjune-25-2010
 Ordinary atmospheric lightning discharges
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/audio-larsenelectroweak-neutron-production-and-capture-in-
lightning-dischargesans-san-diego-nov-14-2012
 Industrial coking ovens during normal operation of pyrolysis processes (Slides #46 - 48)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewpahs-and-lenrsnov-25-2009
 “Water trees” that can form spontaneously in XLPE electric power cables (Slides #49 - 54)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-liion-battery-firesjuly-16-2010
 LENRs appear to be causing field-failure problems and fires in Lithium-based batteries:
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-increased-energy-densities-drive-convergence-
of-batteries-and-lenrssept-6-2013
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 35
LENRs and the Future of Energy
Additional reading for the technically inclined
Index to large collection of documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology:
“Index to key concepts and documents” v. #19
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [119 slides] Updated and revised through August 19, 2014
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013
Lattice document concerning LENR-based power generation systems vs. fission and fusion:
“Truly green nuclear energy exists – an overview for everybody: no deadly gammas … no energetic neutrons
… and no radioactive waste”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, v. 4 updated and revised through June 28, 2013 [109 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/powering-the-world-to-a-green-lenr-future-lattice-energy-llcapril-11-2013
Toyota confirms nuclear transmutations under modest temperatures/pressures:
“Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation results ---
Successfully transmuted stable Cesium into stable Praseodymium”
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, October 31, 2013 [100 slides + TOC]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-toyota-
confirms-mitsubishi-transmutation-of-cs-to-proct-31-2013
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 36
LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy
"The Stone Age came to an end,
but not for a lack of stones,
and the Oil Age will end,
but not for a lack of oil.”
H.E. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani
‫أحمد‬‫يماني‬ ‫زكي‬ ;formerly
Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia
Stated during a media interview (2000)
November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 36

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Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs and the Future of Energy - Nov 27 2013

  • 1. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 1 LENRs and the Future of Energy Lewis Larsen President and CEO Lattice Energy LLC November 27, 2013 Contact: 1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/presentations Low Energy Neutron Reactions or LENRs Truly green nuclear process: no deadly radiation or long-lived wastes Hidden in plain sight for 100 years because hard radiation is absent 2013: device physics sufficiently understood to begin commercialization Evolution of nuclear technology 1945 2013
  • 2. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2 LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 2 Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing” J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
  • 3. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs are neither fission nor fusion but something rather different and wonderful LENRs and the Future of Energy November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 3
  • 4. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 4 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs differ greatly from fission and fusion technologies Lack of hard radiation obviates need for shielding and containment Opportunity to develop safe, battery-like portable LENR power sources Evolution of nuclear technology Fission reactors need 1 foot of steel and 3 feet of concrete to protect humans from hard radiation and wastes emitted by reactor; makes systems intrinsically large and heavy LENRs enable devices something like this: small, portable battery-like power sources that are safe and disposable Much larger LENR devices based on dusty plasma embodiments can potentially scale-up to megawatts; akin to today’s power plants
  • 5. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 5 LENRs and the Future of Energy Comparison of competing nuclear power technologies Fission and fusion emit hard radiation and produce radioactive wastes Fission, fusion, and LENRs all involve the controlled release of nuclear binding energy for power generation: No CO2 emissions; scale of energy release is MeVs (nuclear regime) > 1,000,000x energy density of chemical energy power sources Heavy-element fission (involves shattering heavy nuclei to release stored nuclear binding energy): Requires massive shielding and containment structures to handle radiation; major radioactive waste clean-up issues and costs Alternate natural sources of fuel: today, almost entirely Uranium; Thorium-based fuel cycles now under development Heavy element U-235 (fissile isotope fuel) + neutrons  (complex array of lower-mass fission products; some are very long-lived isotopes) + energetic gamma radiation + energetic neutron radiation + energy Fusion of light nuclei: (involves smashing light nuclei together to release stored nuclear binding energy): Present multi-billion $ development efforts (e.g., ITER, NIF, Tokamaks) focusing mainly on D+T fusion reaction; requires massive shielding/containment structures to handle 14 MeV neutron radiation; minor radioactive waste clean-up $ vs. fission Natural sources of fuel: Deuterium and Tritium (two heavy isotopes of hydrogen) Most likely commercial fusion reaction involves: D + T  He-4 (helium) + neutron + energy (total 17.6 MeV; ~14.1 MeV in neutron) Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs - key distinguishing feature is neutron production via weak interaction; neutron capture + gamma conversion to IR + decays [α, β] release nuclear binding energy): An early-stage technology; no emission of energetic neutron or gamma radiation; no long lived rad-waste products; LENR systems do not require massive and expensive radiation shielding and containment structures  much lower $ cost Natural sources of fuel: any element/isotope that can capture LE neutrons and release >0.78 MeV in nuclear binding energy Involves complex, branching LENR nucleosynthetic transmutation networks that begin with neutron captures on target nuclei then proceed from lower to higher values of atomic mass (A); very similar to what happens in stars, only at low temps/pressures LENRs do not emit any hard radiation or create environmentally harmful wastes
  • 6. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6 LENRs and the Future of Energy 1929: Atkinson & Houtermans theorize light element fusion 1932: Chadwick experimentally verifies existence of the neutron 1934: Rutherford, Oliphant & Harteck experimentally trigger D fusion 1939: Bethe theorized that H fusion reactions power the stars D + D g H3 (Tritium) + proton D + D g He3 (Helium-3) + neutron D + T g He4 (Helium-4) + neutron LENRs and the Future of Energy November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 6 Deuterium + Tritium reaction has been Holy Grail of fusion R&D
  • 7. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 7 LENRs and the Future of Energy Government R&D programs chased D-T fusion for 60 years Easier vs. other fusion reactions but creates very energetic neutrons Still decades from commercialization: ITER reactor in Cadarache, France D-T fusion reaction n n n nn n 2H+ 3H+ n n n 2H+ + 3H+  4He2+ + 1n + 17.6 MeV fusion 4He2+ p+ p+ p+ p+ p+ p+ 1n0
  • 8. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 8 LENRs and the Future of Energy 1934: Fermi published theory of beta decay w. neutrinos Beta- decay processes important contributor to ‘greenness’ of LENRs Beta decay reactions can release substantial amounts of nuclear binding energy Beta-minus decay (β-): one neutron spontaneously converts into a proton Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 Beta-plus decay (β+): one proton spontaneously converts into a neutron Carbon-10 Boron-10 + + + + β - β + Antineutrino Neutrino Electron Positron 6 protons 8 neutrons 7 protons 7 neutrons 6 protons 4 neutrons 5 protons 5 neutrons ν ν e- e+ Unstable neutron-rich isotopes Unstable neutron-poor isotopes Nucleus composed of: Nucleus composed of:
  • 9. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9 LENRs and the Future of Energy Energy release is ~200 MeV fragments fly away at high velocities U235 nucleus splits, i.e., fissions U235 nucleus deforms further U235 nucleus deforms U235 nucleus captures neutron n n n n Emits multiple, MeV- energy, “fast” neutrons November 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 9 Energetic gamma photons Energetic gamma photons LENRs and the Future of Energy 1938: Hahn & Strassman experimentally confirmed fission Today’s commercial nuclear power plants all use Uranium fission
  • 10. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 10 LENRs and the Future of Energy Xxxxxxxxxxx Image credit: TeraScale Supernova Initiative 1946: Hoyle theorized e + p reactions in dying stars Core-collapse triggers e + p at gigantic temps/pressures in supernova Dying star explodes, creating much heavier elements and remnant neutron star Deep in super-dense, unbelievably hot inner cores of dying stars, electrons e- are able to directly react with protons p+ to create huge numbers of very energetic neutrons n0 Even under these incredibly extreme stellar conditions, the e- + p+ process is still ~ a two-body reaction Having no net electric charge, neutrons are promiscuous nuclear particles that will be very quickly captured (i.e., absorbed) by other atomic nuclei (elements) that are present in stars Two-body reactions require enormously high temperatures to create electron kinetic energies that impart enough additional mass-energy to fast electrons to make-up the “mass deficit” necessary to react directly with protons to make neutrons
  • 11. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 11 LENRs and the Future of Energy Astrophysics view of element creation in Universe Older paradigm posits that nucleosynthesis can only occur in stars Atomic Mass (A) Note: number of protons in nucleus determine + charge and the element’s atomic number (Z) Hydrogen (H) 1 Iron (Fe) 56 Bismuth (Bi) 209 Lawrencium (Lw) 262 Uranium (U) 235 Unstable to α- decay and fission; also rare decays of other types of particles Fission and α-decay processes recycle heavy elements back into lighter ones (lower values of A) Charged-particle fusion reactions in stellar cores (A1+A2) Different elements all have different atomic numbers (Z); a given element may have >1 stable and unstable isotopes that differ in A (total number of neutrons + protons = A). Today, there are 112 recognized elements (heaviest is Copernicium: Z = 112, A = 277, H.L. = 29 sec) and over 3,000 known stable and unstable isotopes Neutron-capture (A+1n): r-process operates from A~56 up to ??? β-decays Copernicium (Cn) 277 Cosmic nucleosyntheticcycle invaluesofA proton p+ and e- Fusion up to Fe; from there neutron capture processes can reach superheavies Neutron-capture (A+1n): s- process leads to heavier unstable isotopes A> 277 Superheavies Beta-decay: unstable, neutron-rich isotopes generally decay via the beta- minus (β-) decay process; converts a neutron (n) into a charged proton; atomic number increases by +1 which creates a stable or unstable isotope of a different element; value of A = ~same Fusion reactions: deep in cores of stars s-process: thought to occur in outer envelopes of late-stage red giant stars r-process: as of today, while most believe it occurs only in supernova explosions, nobody is 100% certain that idea is true
  • 12. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 12 LENRs and the Future of Energy Scientists observed LENRs in experiments for > 100 years Not recognized as being nuclear because no hard radiation emitted Periodically resurfaced as unexplained anomalies in different guises Early 1900s: many researchers reported seeing transmutation of elements during electric discharges 1922: Wendt & Irion reported producing Helium in exploding wires; Rutherford trashed their results 1925: Nagaoka reported producing Gold during electric arc discharges; few believed paper’s results 1927: one of Millikan’s PhD students reported heavy element transmutations; not generally believed Early 1930s to 1950: dark ages of LENR transmutation research; not pursued by anyone anywhere 1951: Sternglass saw neutron production in discharges; consulted Bethe & Einstein; dropped work Mid-1960s: neutron production seen during RF excitation of Deuterium plasma; work was dropped 1989: Pons & Fleischmann claimed D+D “cold fusion” seen in electrolytic cell; trashed by scientists 2002: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported Cs to Pr transmutation in refereed journal; questioned 2006: Widom and Larsen published theory’s key parts in peer-reviewed European Physical Journal C 2012: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed Nagaoka’s LENR transmutation path to Gold at ANS 2013: Toyota finally confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation of stable Cesium g Praseodymium
  • 13. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 13 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs in context of historical events beginning in 1942 1942: Enrico Fermi activated Manhattan Project's first working fission reactor at Univ. of Chicago 1945: US first to use nuclear weapons in war; destroyed cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan 1946: Prof. Fred Hoyle first published e + p neutronization reaction theorized in cores of dying stars 1951: A. Einstein, H. Bethe & E. Sternglass reviewed apparent e + p reaction in tabletop apparatus 1952: US detonated first fission-fusion thermonuclear weapon at Eniwetok Island, South Pacific 1955: First commercial fission-based nuclear power reactor in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, USA 1957: M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle published paper delineating modern astrophysics 1965: M. & G. Burbidge, W. Fowler & F. Hoyle published paper suggesting ex-core nucleosynthesis 1960s: S. Glashow, A. Salam & S. Weinberg published modern theory of electroweak interaction 1970 thru early 1980s: Glashow-Salam-Weinberg’s electroweak theory confirmed experimentally 1985: ITER fusion power generation project first began at 1985 superpower summit in Geneva 1986: K. Erik Drexler published “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” 1989: S. Pons & M. Fleischmann “cold fusion” debacle began with Univ. of Utah press conference 2001: Lattice Energy LLC commenced operation to commercialize LENRs for power generation 2005: A. Widom and L. Larsen released first theoretical preprint re LENRs on Cornell physics arXiv 2006: A. Widom and L. Larsen published core of LENR theory in the European Physical Journal C 2010: ITER began 10-year construction phase with estimated completion costs of 13 billion Euros 2010: Y. Srivastava, A. Widom & L. Larsen published theory paper in Pramana - Journal of Physics 2012: CERN sponsored first-ever colloquium on LENRs with Y. Srivastava discussing W-L theory 2012: American Nuclear Society sponsored first working session on LENRs to be held in 16 years 2013: LENR device physics now understood well enough to begin commercialization for power
  • 14. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 14 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs are an incredibly interdisciplinary technology Resisted understanding until Widom-Larsen put all pieces together Nanometer-to-micron scale many-body collective effects enable the ‘impossible’ Widom-Larsen theory of LENRS and related areas of science and technology in condensed matter systems utilize crucial knowledge derived from all of these varied disciplines Quantum electrodynamics (QED) Collective many-body effects Modern quantum mechanics Condensed matter physics Classical electrodynamics Modern nuclear physics Surface chemistry (H) All nanotechnology Surface physics Plasma physics Plasmonics
  • 15. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 15 LENRs and the Future of Energy “… eventually there comes a time when neither component replacement nor structural deepening [of the older, dominant technological paradigm] add much to performance. If further advancement is sought, a [new] novel principle is needed.” pp. 138 “Origination is not just a new way of doing things, but a new way of seeing things … And the new threatens … to make the old expertise obsolete. Often in fact, some version of the new principle [paradigm] has been already touted or already exists and has been dismissed by standard practitioners, not necessarily because lack of imagination. But because it creates a cognitive dissonance, an emotional mismatch, between the potential of the new and the security of the old.” pp. 139 W. Brian Arthur, “The Nature of Technology - What it is and how it evolves” Free Press (2009) Revolution in energy technology is length-scale-related Will trigger vast paradigm-shifting change in power generation systems
  • 16. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 16 LENRs and the Future of Energy Widom-Larsen theory explains e + p in condensed matter Enabled by many-body collective effects along with quantum mechanics No new physics in W-L theory: combines well-established physics in novel ways  Since 1989, most previously proposed theories of LENRs presumed that Coulomb barrier-penetrating D-D fusion was taking place in LENRs. However, these earlier theories incorporated many ad hoc assumptions, invoked questionable “new physics,” and were readily dismissed by mainstream physicists and chemists  Prior to work of Widom-Larsen, no comprehensive theory of LENRs existed that was consistent with known physics and could explain results of ordinary hydrogen as well as deuterium experiments, correctly identify the cause of complex transmutation products, and be able to calculate observed reaction rates from first principles; only theory able to explain Prof. John Huizenga’s “three miracles” discussed in highly critical 1993 book  W-L theoretical work involves Standard Model interactions and many-body collective Q-M effects: explains all good experimental data on LENRs dating back to early 1900s, especially absence of ‘hard’ MeV-energy neutron or gamma radiation and negligible production of long-lived radioactive wastes; predicts new types of experimentally verifiable phenomena in condensed matter systems If LENRs involved any fission or fusion, many researchers would have been killed by lethal doses of deadly hard radiation that would have invariably accompanied measurable excess heat Frank Frazetta, “The Death Dealer” (1973)
  • 17. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 17 LENRs and the Future of Energy Many-body collective quantum effects enable LENRs Do not need star-like temps/pressures to make neutrons from protons Star-like nucleosynthesis of elements is therefore possible in tabletop systems Nuclear-strength surface electric fields in nm- to μ-sized active sites enable e + p reaction Widom-Larsen physics on small length-scales enables an energy revolution ITER: D+T fusion reactor LENR device Person Length-scale: millions of miles Length-scale: hundreds of feet Length-scale: inches These are safe!Dangerous energetic 14.1 MeV neutrons Fusion reactions in a Red Giant star Temperatures: millions of degrees Temperatures: millions of degrees Temperatures: thousands of degrees in microscopic regions
  • 18. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18 LENRs and the Future of Energy Large length scales Huge array of new technological possibilities and opportunities open-up at micron to nanometer length-scales Nuclear-strength surface electric fields in nm- to μ-sized active sites enable e + p reaction LENRs and the Future of Energy What was thought impossible becomes possible at nm November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 18
  • 19. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 19 LENRs and the Future of Energy
  • 20. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 20 LENRs and the Future of Energy
  • 21. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 21 LENRs and the Future of Energy Basic reactions in Widom-Larsen theory are simple Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons Neutrons are then captured by other atoms g catalyze nuclear transmutations EnergyE-field + e- sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe Collective many-body quantum effects: many electrons each donate little bits of energy to a much smaller number of electrons that are also embedded in same high electric field Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number of electrons that absorb energy from electric field can increase their effective masses (m = E/c2) to point where they can react directly with protons (or deuterons) to make neutrons and neutrinos νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive photons that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons: capture on nearby atoms Neutrons + nearby atoms heavier elements + decay products Neutron-catalyzed nucleosynthetic transmutation processes: Releases large amounts of nuclear binding energy as energetic particles and photons that heat
  • 22. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 22 LENRs and the Future of Energy Many-body collective quantum effects are key to LENRs Written as two-body e-* + p+ reaction --- what happens in Nature is many-body LENR many-body collective effects also involve mutual quantum entanglement Above is what really occurs in condensed matter systems What really happens is many-body Collective quantum mechanical ‘magic’
  • 23. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 23 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron fluxes Neutrons created by W-L collective process have ultra low energy Causes them to have huge quantum mechanical de Broglie wavelengths  Collectively produced LENR neutrons are created with kinetic energies that closely approach a value of zero  According to quantum mechanics, this means that their de Broglie wavelengths will have to be extremely large; for technical reasons explained elsewhere, de Broglie wavelengths of such neutrons must span dimensions of the LENR-active surface patches that first created them  Diameters of LENR-active surface patches range from 2 nanometers (nm) up to ~100 microns --- this determines neutron de Broglie wavelength dimensions; for instants, normally subatomic fm neutrons are the sizes of bacteria  Neutrons with de Broglie wavelengths this huge will be captured locally within picoseconds; never have quite enough time to thermalize and escape into environment  This is why LENRs do not emit dangerous MeV neutrons Examples of objects on varied length-scales
  • 24. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 24 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs do not emit deadly fluxes of MeV-energy gammas Unreacted heavy electrons in LENR patches convert γ-rays into heat Convert gamma radiation in energy range: ~0.5 MeV up to ~10 - 11.0 MeV Gamma Photons ~0.5 – 1.0 to ~10 - 11 MeV energy Heavy Electrons Frequency Down Conversion Infrared Photons i.e., Heat Lattice fundamental patent: US #7,893,414 B2 Direct conversion of gammas into infrared heat Unreacted heavy-mass SP electrons in LENR-active surface patches can actively absorb and directly convert either locally emitted or incident gamma photon radiation in energy range of ~0.5 MeV up to ~10 - 11 MeV into much larger numbers of less-energetic infrared (IR) photons at high efficiency; process conserves energy  When ULM neutron captures onto an atom located inside entangled 3-D Q-M domain of an LENR-active patch, there are normally prompt gamma photon emissions by such atoms. Since this prompt capture- related gamma radiation occurs inside 3-D quantum mechanical structure of a 3-D LENR-active patch, there are perforce always heavy electrons available nearby to absorb and convert such gamma emissions into IR  Lattice awarded a patent on process: US #7,893,414 B2
  • 25. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 25 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs do not create large amounts of long-lived radwastes Trick is to create unstable neutron-rich products that decay quickly β- cascades start with unstable isotopes that decay into stable elements  Fluxes of ULM neutrons will cause a build-up of local populations of unstable, extremely neutron-rich isotopes comprising intermediate LENR transmutation products  At some point during limited lifetime of tiny LENR-active patches, almost all such very unstable isotopes present will quickly decay, mainly by a series of fast β- decay cascades  Depending on the half-lives (HL) of intermediate LENR products, ULMN captures and β- decay chains can rapidly traverse entire rows of periodic table, finally ending with creation of end-products that are almost invariably stable isotopes of higher-Z elements (see one example to right)  β- decay cascades explain why complex LENR transmutation networks almost never produce any significant amounts of biologically hazardous, nasty long-lived radioactive wastes Nickel-68 is a product of neutron captures on stable Nickel isotopes, β- decays transmute 68Ni to stable Zinc Chainofextremelyfastbetadecays β- decay cascade to stable Zinc
  • 26. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 26 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENR transmutations can be triggered in chemical cells Electric current input to electrolytic cells can create multiple elements Nickel-cathode electrolytic cells produced star-like LENR products in two weeks Composite image: expanding supernova remnant G1.9+0.33in local galaxy credit - NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory (2007) and NRAO VLA (1985) LENRs and the Future of Energy W-L optical model superimposed on Miley’s ca.1996 data Source of modified graphic: New Energy Times  Ca. 1996 Miley (Univ. of Illinois) and Mizuno (Hokkaido Univ.) both reported experimental results with current-driven aqueous H2O and D2O electrolytic cells in which essentially the same very complex 5-peak mass spectrum of LENR transmutation products was observed via mass spec after ~two weeks of operation  At the time, these results were considered to be inexplicable by any extant theory of LENRs  In 2006, Widom and Larsen finally explained this very anomalous data with an absorption model for ultra low momentum LENR neutrons on nuclei; excellent agreement between W-L model’s predictions and data shown to right November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 26 Stars are not mandatory for nucleosynthesis:
  • 27. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27 LENRs and the Future of Energy Artists conception of colliding neutron stars Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital Inc. “Neutron starbursts can forge gold” Simon Redfern, BBC News, July 18, 2013 Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science- environment-23361153 LENRs and the Future of Energy Astrophysicists believe Gold is only created in stars Gold can be created in labs on earth; Nagaoka first achieved it in 1925 Unfortunately many did not believe his peer-reviewed report published in Nature Stable 74W180-186 seeds Series of Intermediate Isotopes 78Pt197 79Au197 +n and decays β- decay Neutron-catalyzed transmutations +n 78Pt196 LENRs transmute Tungsten into Gold  In 1925, Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka, one of most famous physicists in Japan at that time, published refereed report in Nature claiming that Gold (Au) had been produced during high-current electric discharges between Tungsten (W) metal electrodes that were immersed in a bath of hydrocarbon transformer oil  Although paper was peer-reviewed and Nagaoka pleaded with other researchers to attempt to repeat his team’s experiments, no one did so anywhere in world  In 2012, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) finally confirmed Nagaoka’s neutron-catalyzed transmutation pathway from Tungsten to Platinum and to Gold using Mitsubishi’s novel Deuterium gas permeation method; announced result at American Nuclear Society meeting November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27 Artists conception of colliding neutron stars Credit: Dana Berry, Skyworks Digital Inc. “Neutron starbursts can forge gold” Simon Redfern, BBC News, July 18, 2013 Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science- environment-23361153 LENRs and the Future of Energy Astrophysicists believe Gold is naturally created in stars Gold can be created in labs on earth; Nagaoka first achieved it in 1925 Unfortunately many did not believe his peer-reviewed paper published in Nature Stable 74W180-186 targets Series of Intermediate Isotopes 78Pt197 79Au197 +n and decays β- decay Neutron-catalyzed transmutations +n 78Pt196 LENRs transmute Tungsten into Gold  In 1925, Prof. Hantaro Nagaoka, one of most famous physicists in Japan at that time, published a refereed report in Nature claiming visible Gold (Au) had been produced during high-current electric discharges between Tungsten (W) metal electrodes that were immersed in a bath of hydrocarbon transformer oil  Although paper was peer-reviewed and Nagaoka pleaded with other researchers to attempt to repeat his team’s experiments, no one did so anywhere in world  In 2012, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) finally confirmed Nagaoka’s neutron-catalyzed transmutation pathway from Tungsten to Platinum and to Gold using Mitsubishi’s novel Deuterium gas permeation method; announced result at American Nuclear Society meeting November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 27
  • 28. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 28 LENRs and the Future of Energy Large companies in Japan have LENR R&D programs Oct. 2013: Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s earlier transmutation results Used LENR lab process to transmute stable Cesium targets into Praseodymium Cesium Praseodymium LENR neutron transmutation Inputs: modest pressure, moderate temperatures, and some time  In Oct. 2013, Toyota published paper in peer-reviewed Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which finally confirmed important experimental results first published by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using new type of permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi  All these results are both predicted and fully explained by peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs; neutrons capture on ‘target’ elements  While the Mitsubishi permeation method is not suitable for commercial power generation based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered without using huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures  At American Nuclear Society meeting in November 2012, Dr. Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly; would not be surprising if their R&D programs aim to eventually replace internal combustion engine
  • 29. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 29 LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs are a game- changer for energy November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 29
  • 30. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 30 LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy November 18. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 30 Reaction Type Typical “Average” Energy Release Relative Index of Energy Release U-235 Conventional Fission H+H Fusion in Stars D+T Fusion Reactors Light and Heavy Water LENRs Blacklight Power’s “Hydrinos” Hydrogen Fuel Cells Combustion of Gasoline 220 MeV 1000 27 MeV 17. 6 MeV ~ 0.1 MeV (low side) ~ 22 MeV (high side) max 0.02 MeV 0.0001 MeV 0.0002 MeV 123 80 91 0.45 0.09 0.0001 0.00005 Nuclear: Strong Interaction Nuclear: Weak Interaction ? Chemical Less Energy Per Reaction (1938) (1939) (1950s) (1838) (1876) (1991) TaekwondoAikidoChemical Evolutionofnucleartechnology Hydrogen- and Deuterium-based LENRs (1989) Typical energy releases in power generation technologies Some LENR processes release > energy than D-T fusion reaction LENRs better than fission or fusion because no hard radiation emitted
  • 31. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 31 LENRs and the Future of Energy Release of nuclear binding energy produces process heat Several different mechanisms produce clean heat in LENR systems  Conceptually, LENR neutrons act like catalytic ‘matches’ that are used to ‘light the logs’ of target fuel nuclei. A neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation network operates to release nuclear binding energy that has been stored and locked away in ‘nuclei fuel logs’ since they were originally produced in nucleosynthetic processes of long-dead stars, many billions of years ago  Complex LENR networks produce usable process heat that arises mainly from:  Direct conversion of gamma photons (γ) into infrared photons (IR) by heavy electrons; e.g., γ from neutron captures or β and other types of decays. IR is then scattered and absorbed by local matter, increasing its temperature (heat)  Nuclear decays in which energetic charged particles are emitted (e.g., alphas, betas, protons, deuterons, tritons); particles then transfer their kinetic energy by scattering on local matter, increasing its temperature (heat)  Neutrino photons from weak interactions do not contribute to production of process heat; they essentially bleed-off a small portion of released nuclear binding energy outward into space; unavoidable neutrino emissions are part of the energetic cost of obtaining energy releases in LENR networks from β- decays
  • 32. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 32 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENR device manufacturing processes would use nanotech Commercial production methods would resemble advanced batteries  Over time, LENR devices could ride down the manufacturing experience cost curve and thus drastically reduce cost of LENR-generated power; this would be similar to build-cost reduction and market penetration strategies used by manufacturers of microprocessors, memory chips, PCs, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and batteries  As product manufacturing experience accumulates and internal build costs are progressively reduced, leverage enormous energy density/longevity advantages of LENRs (>million times larger than chemical); price scaled-up versions of LENR- based systems to drastically undercut price/performance provided by competing thermal sources and chemically-based power generation systems. Strategy can be applied to battery, distributed stationary, mobile, and central station power markets  Potential to gradually replace internal combustion engines over time; enable reduction of CO2 emissions and eventual “energy independence” from petroleum  Widespread global deployment of LENR technologies, together with synergistic large- and small-scale photovoltaic and wind-power systems, could create a less expensive, greener energy future for humanity. LENRs and a portfolio of other types of carbon-free energy technologies have the potential to democratize access to clean, affordable CO2-free energy for every inhabitant of the planet
  • 33. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33 LENRs and the Future of Energy November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 33 LENRs and the Future of Energy LENRs + kaizen g Jihui - the future Green ultra-high performance power generation systems for important portable, stationary, and mobile applications Convergence of technologies and change trigger revolution Jihui (机会) is composed of the Chinese characters: 机 (ji) and 会 (hui) is somewhat the antonym of weiji (crisis or danger) and has a connotation of chance or opportunity. Kaizen (改善) is a Japanese concept of "improvement" or "change for the better", refers to philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business management.
  • 34. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 34 LENRs and the Future of Energy Additional reading for the technically inclined LENR nucleosynthesis occurs in Nature as well as the laboratory Red giant stars, supernovae, fission reactors, and weapons are not required LENRs occur naturally at relatively low rates in amazing variety of different types of systems:  Catalytic converters of cars and trucks during normal vehicular operation http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-catalytic-convertersjune-25-2010  Ordinary atmospheric lightning discharges http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/audio-larsenelectroweak-neutron-production-and-capture-in- lightning-dischargesans-san-diego-nov-14-2012  Industrial coking ovens during normal operation of pyrolysis processes (Slides #46 - 48) http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewpahs-and-lenrsnov-25-2009  “Water trees” that can form spontaneously in XLPE electric power cables (Slides #49 - 54) http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/cfakepathlattice-energy-llc-len-rs-in-liion-battery-firesjuly-16-2010  LENRs appear to be causing field-failure problems and fires in Lithium-based batteries: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-increased-energy-densities-drive-convergence- of-batteries-and-lenrssept-6-2013
  • 35. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 35 LENRs and the Future of Energy Additional reading for the technically inclined Index to large collection of documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology: “Index to key concepts and documents” v. #19 L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [119 slides] Updated and revised through August 19, 2014 http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013 Lattice document concerning LENR-based power generation systems vs. fission and fusion: “Truly green nuclear energy exists – an overview for everybody: no deadly gammas … no energetic neutrons … and no radioactive waste” L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, v. 4 updated and revised through June 28, 2013 [109 slides] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/powering-the-world-to-a-green-lenr-future-lattice-energy-llcapril-11-2013 Toyota confirms nuclear transmutations under modest temperatures/pressures: “Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation results --- Successfully transmuted stable Cesium into stable Praseodymium” Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, October 31, 2013 [100 slides + TOC] http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-toyota- confirms-mitsubishi-transmutation-of-cs-to-proct-31-2013
  • 36. November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 36 LENRs and the Future of EnergyLENRs and the Future of Energy "The Stone Age came to an end, but not for a lack of stones, and the Oil Age will end, but not for a lack of oil.” H.E. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani ‫أحمد‬‫يماني‬ ‫زكي‬ ;formerly Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia Stated during a media interview (2000) November 27. 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013 All rights reserved 36