28. For a thoracotomy, (A) the patient lies on his or her side with one arm raised. (B) An incision is cut into the skin of the ribcage. (C) Muscle layers are cut, and a rib may be removed to gain access to the cavity. (D) Retractors hold the ribs apart, exposing the lung. (E) After any repairs are made, the cut rib is replaced and held in place with special materials. Layers of muscle and skin are stitched.