2. Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis was first introduced by Zellig Harris
in 1952.
Discourse analysis is about studying and analysing the
uses of language.for succesful communication
discourse analysis focuses on knownledge about
language beyond the word, clause, phrase, and
sentence.

3. Relationship Language and Context
Discourse analysis considers the
relationship between language and the
contexts in which it is used and is concerned
with the description and analysis of both
spoken and written interaction.

4. Discourse analysis and Pragmatic
Discourse analysis (DA) is a general term for a number of
approaches to analizing written, spoken or signed
language use.
Discourse analysis not only study language use beyond
the sentence boundary, but also prefer to analyze
naturally occuring language use, and not invented
examples.
Pragmatic is studies how people comprehend and
produce a communicative act or speech act in a
concrete speech situation which is usually a analysis.

5. Cultural ways of speaking and writing
The context of a speech also includes the social and
cultural characteristics of the spaker and the
audience.
The transmission of meaning between people from
different cultures or between people from different
groups within a society.But, there are cultural
influences that affect any public speaking
situation.

6. Communicative competence and
Discourse
Communicative competence is an important part of the
theoretical background to the ethnography of
communication as well as, more recently,
communicative perspectives on language teaching and
learning.
Communicative competence is often described as being
made up of four underlying component.

7. Discursive competence
A further way of looking at cultural ways of speaking
and writing is through the notion of discursive
competence (Bhatia 2004).Discursive competence
draw together the notions of textual
competence, generic competence and social
competence.

8. Discourse as the social construction of reality
 Discourse is shaped by the people who use the
language as well as shaping language. It is shaped by
the people who use the language as well as shaping the
language that people use. Discourse is also shaped by
the medium in which it occurs as well as it shapes the
possibilities for that medium.

9. Discourse and socially situated identities
 When we speak or write we use more than just
language to display who we are, and how we want
people to see us. The way we dress, the gestures we
use, and the way we act and interact also influence
how we display social identity. Other factors which
influence this include the ways we think. The attitudes
we display. And the things we value, feel and believe.

10. Discourse and performance
 A discourse is a dance that exists in the abstract as a
coordinated pattern of
words, deeds, values, beliefs, symbols, tools, object, ti
mes, and places in the here and now as a performance
that is recognizable as just such a coordination.

11. Differences between spoken and
written discourse
 There are a number of important differences
between spoken and written language which have
implications for discourse analysis

12. There are some different between spoken
and written discourse :
Grammatical intricacy and spoken discourse
Lexical density in spoken and written discourse
Nominalization in written and spoken discourse
Explicitness in spoken and written discourse
Contextualization in spoken and written discourse
The spontaneous nature of spoken discourse
Repetition, hasitation and redundancy in spoken
discourse
8. A continum of differences between spoken and
written discourse
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