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1. Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer
[5235-005-2]
Pertemuan ke 1

2. Daftar Pustaka
1. Mostafa Abd-El-Barr
dan Hesham El-
Rewini. 2005.
“Fundamental of
Computer
Organization and
Architecture”, A John
Wiley & Sons, Inc
Publication.
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 2

3. Staf Info
Wisnu Djatmiko
wisnu.djatmiko@gmail.com
wisnu_djatmiko@yahoo.com
0811 82 7441
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 3

4. Jadwal Kuliah
5223 Selasa 08.00 s.d. 10.00 wib (R 406)
5272 Selasa 10.00 s.d. 11.40 wib (R 305)
5258 Selasa 16.20 s.d. 18.00 wib (R 406)
5278 Jum’at 16.20 s.d. 18.00 wib (R 406)
Organisasi & Arsitektur Komputer 4

5. Penilaian
1. Minimal 75% kehadiran [syarat UAS]
2. UTS 35%
3. UAS 35%
4. Tugas mandiri/terstruktur 30%
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6. Pokok Bahasan
Sistem komputer, desain dan konsep ISA
(Instruction Set Computer), Assembly
Language Programming, Aritmatika Komputer,
desain CPU, sistem memori, desain dan
organisasi I/O unit, Pipelining Design
Techniques, Reduced Instruction Set
Computers (RISCs), dan Multiprocessor.
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7. Pokok Bahasan #1
1. Latar Belakang Sejarah
2. Perkembangan Arsitektur Komputer
3. Perkembangan Teknologi Komputer
4. Pengukuran Performa Komputer
5. Simpulan
6. Latihan
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8. Latar Belakang Sejarah
1. Z1 (1938) Program-controlled (mechanical)
computer
2. Z2 (1939) Program-controlled computer with
fixed-point arithmetic.
3. Z3 (Germany in 1941) complete design of a
fully functional programmable special-
purpose machine
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9. Latar Belakang Sejarah
4. ENIAC (1944) Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (first operational general-purpose
machine built using vacuum tubes)
5. IAS (1946) Institute for Advanced Study
(Princeton) 10 times faster than the ENIAC
6. EDSAC (1949) Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator (stored-program
computer)
7. EDVAC (1952) Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer (stored programs)
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10. Latar Belakang Sejarah
8. Harvard Architecture (MARK I, II, III, and IV)
introduced the concept of separate
memories for instructions and data
9. UNIVersal Automatic Computer - UNIVAC I
(1951) - The first general-purpose
commercial computer
10.IBM 701 (1952)
11.IBM 360 series (1964)
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11. Latar Belakang Sejarah
11.Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) - PDP-8
(1964)
12.Intel 4004 (1971)
13.Apple computer PC, VAX-11/780 by DEC
(1977)
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12. the different computing paradigms
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13. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• Computer architects have always been striving to
increase the performance of their architectures
• reducing the “semantic gap” between the
instructions in a high-level language and those in
the low-level (machine) language.
• A single (machine) instruction to convert several
binary coded decimal (BCD) numbers to binary is
an example for how complex some instructions
were intended to be.
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14. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• The huge number of addressing modes
considered (more than 20 in the VAX machine)
further adds to the complexity of instructions.
• Machines following this philosophy have been
referred to as complex instructions set
computers (CISCs)
• Examples of CISC machines include the Intel
PentiumTM, the Motorola MC68000TM, and
the IBM & Macintosh PowerPCTM.
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15. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• It should be noted that as more capabilities
were added to their processors,
manufacturers realized that it was increasingly
difficult to support higher clock rates that
would have been possible otherwise.
• This is because of the increased complexity of
computations within a single clock period.
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16. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• A number of studies from the mid-1970s and
early-1980s also identified that in typical
programs more than 80% of the instructions
executed are those using assignment
statements, conditional branching and
procedure calls.
• It was also surprising to find out that simple
assignment statements constitute almost 50%
of those operations.
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17. ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND
STYLES
• the optimization of architectures by speeding up
those operations that are most frequently used
while reducing the instruction complexities and
the number of addressing modes.
• Machines following this philosophy have been
referred to as reduced instructions set computers
(RISCs)
• Examples of RISCs include the Sun SPARCTM and
MIPSTM machines.
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18. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
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19. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• A user of a computer measures its
performance based on the time taken to
execute a given job (program)
• A laboratory engineer measures the
performance of his system by the total
amount of work done in a given time
• A metric for assessing the performance of a
computer helps comparing alternative designs
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20. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Performance analysis should help answering
questions such as how fast can a program be
executed using a given computer?
• we need to determine the time taken by a
computer to execute a given job and we
define the clock cycle time as the time
between two consecutive rising (trailing)
edges of a periodic clock signal (Fig. 1.1)
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21. a periodic clock signal
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22. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• We denote the number of CPU clock cycles for
executing a job to be the cycle count (CC), the
cycle time by CT, and the clock frequency by f
¼ 1/CT.
• The time taken by the CPU to execute a job
can be expressed as
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23. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Therefore, the average number of clock cycles
per instruction (CPI) has been used as an
alternate performance measure
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24. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• It is known that the instruction set of a given
machine consists of a number of instruction
categories: ALU (simple assignment and
arithmetic and logic instructions), load, store,
branch, and so on.
• where Ii is the number of times an instruction of type i is executed in the
program and CPIi is the average number of clock cycles needed to execute
such instruction.
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25. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
• Example Consider computing the overall CPI
for a machine A for which the following
performance measures were recorded when
executing a set of benchmark programs.
Assume that the clock rate of the CPU is 200
MHz.
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26. PERFORMANCE MEASURES
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27. Pokok Bahasan #1
1. Latar Belakang Sejarah
2. Perkembangan Arsitektur Komputer
3. Perkembangan Teknologi Komputer
4. Pengukuran Performa Komputer
5. Simpulan
6. Definisi Komputer
7. Definisi Organisasi Komputer
8. Definisi Arsitektur komputer
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28. Definisi Komputer
suatu alat elektronik yg mampu melakukan
beberapa tugas seperti menerima input,
memproses input tadi sesuai dengan
programnya, menyimpan perintah-perintah
dan hasil pengolahan, serta menyediakan
output dalam bentuk informasi [Robert H.
Blissmer dlm buku Computer Annual]
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29. Definisi Komputer
sistem elektronik utk memanipulasi data yg
cepat dan tepat serta dirancang dan
diorganisasikan supaya secara otomatis
menerima dan menyimpan data input,
memprosesnya dan menghasilkan output
dibawah pengawasan suatu langkah-langkah,
instruksi2 program yg tersimpan di memori
(stored program) [Donald H. Sanders dlm
buku Computer Today]
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30. Definisi Komputer
mesin penghitung eletronik yg cepat dapat
menerima informasi input digital,
memprosesnya sesuai dengan suatu program
yg tersimpan di memorinya dan menghasilkan
output informasi [Hamacher dkk, dlm buku
Computer Organization]
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31. Definisi Komputer
Sekumpulan alat elektronik yang saling
bekerja sama, dapat menerima data (input),
mengolah data (proses) dan memberikan
informasi (output) serta terkoordinasi
dibawah kontrol program yang tersimpan di
memorinya.
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32. Fungsi Komputer
1. Pengolahan data - Data processing
2. Penyimpanan data - Data storage
3. Pemindahan data - Data movement
4. Kendali - Control
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33. Struktur Komputer
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34. Struktur Komputer
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35. Pengolahan Data
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36. Komponen Sistem Komputer
1. Hardware
 CPU unit
 IO unit
 Memory unit
2. Software
3. Brainware
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37. Definisi Organisasi Komputer
Organisasi komputer berkaitan dengan unit-
unit operasional dan interkoneksinya yang
merealisasikan spesifikasi arsitektural
Misal : Control signals, interfaces, memory
technology
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38. Definisi Arsitektur Komputer
Arsitektur komputer berkaitan dengan atribut
– atribut yang mempunyai dampak langsung
pada eksekusi logis sebuah program. [William
Stalling]
Misal : Set Instruksi, jumlah bit yang
digunakan untuk penyajian data, mekanisme
I/O, teknik pengalamantan (addressing
techniques).
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39. Definisi Arsitektur Komputer
adalah konsep perencanaan dan struktur
pengoperasian dasar dari suatu sistem
komputer.
bagaimana CPU bekerja
cara pengaksesan data dan alamat dari dan ke
memori
Arsitektur von Neumann, CISC, dan RISC
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40. Arsitektur Komputer
1. Set instruksi (ISA)
2. Arsitektur mikro dari ISA, dan
3. Sistem desain dari seluruh komponen dalam
perangkat keras komputer
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41. Organisasi vs Arsitektur Komputer
Pabrik komputer menawarkan sekelompok model
komputer, yang semuanya memiliki arsitektur yang
sama tetapi dengan organisasi yang berbeda.
Akibatnya, model – model yang berbeda akan memiliki
harga dan karakteristik kinerja yang berbeda. Selain itu
suatu arsitektur dapat bertahan selama bertahun –
tahun dan meliputi sejumlah model komputer yang
berbeda, namun organisasinya dapat berubah – ubah
sesuai seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi.
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