1. Western University
School of Arts, Humanities, and
Languages
Core English II, I
Chapter I
„The Tense System‟
Lecturer: Ung SreyPeuv
2011-2012 1

2. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”
Be+ V-ing to make continuous verb
forms
Positive forms:
 Sub +am/is/are+ V-ing + obj.
→ Present Continuous
 Sub +was/were +V-ing + obj.
→ Past Continuous
 Sub+ have/has been + V-ing + obj.
→ Present Perfect Continuous
 Sub + had been+ V-ing + obj.
→ Past Perfect Continuous
 Sub+ will + be + V-ing + obj.
→Future Continuous 2

3. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Negative forms:
 Sub+ am not/isn‟t /aren‟t+ V-ing + obj.
→ Present Continuous
 Sub + wasn‟t/weren‟t + V-ing + obj.
→ Past Continuous
 Sub + haven‟t/hasn‟t + been + V-ing + obj.
→ Present Perfect Continuous
 Sub + hadn‟t + been + V-ing + obj.
→ Past Perfect Continuous
 Sub + won‟t +be + V-ing + obj.
→ Future Continuous 3

4. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Question forms with short answer:
 Am/Is/Are + sub + V-ing + obj?
→ Present Continuous
 Was/Were + sub + V-ing + obj?
→ Past Continuous
 Have/Has + sub + been + V-ing + obj?
→ Present Perfect Continuous
 Had + sub +been + V-ing + obj?
→ Past Perfect Continuous
 Will + sub + be + V-ing + obj?
→ Future Continuous
Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.
Answer: No, sub + auxiliary verb + not. 4

5. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Question forms with question words:
 Question word + am/is/are + sub + V-ing
+obj? → Present Continuous
 Question word + was/were + sub + V-ing
+ obj? → Past Continuous
 Question word + have/has + sub + been +
V-ing + obj? → Present Perfect
Continuous
 Question word + had + sub +been + V-ing
+ obj? → Past Perfect Continuous
 Question word + will + sub + be + V-ing +
5

6. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
1. You are listening to me.
(Present Continuous)
2. What was Viboth doing yesterday this
time?
(Past Continuous)
3. Leakhena has been ironing shirts since
1 o’clock.
(Present Perfect Continuous)
4. Kung Ann felt tired because he had been
working all day. (Past Perfect
Continuous)
5. We will be having dinner at 8pm. 6

7. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
To be + V3 (Passive Voice)
Positive forms:
 Sub + am/is/are + V3 + obj.
→ Present Simple Passive
 Sub + was/were + V3 + obj.
→ Past Simple Passive
 Sub + am/is/are + being + V3 + obj.
→ Present Continuous Passive
 Sub + was/were + being + V3 + obj.
→ Past Continuous Passive
7

8. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Sub + have/has + been + V3 + obj.
→ Present Perfect Simple Passive
Sub + had + been + V3 + obj.
→ Past Perfect Simple Passive
Sub + will + be + V3 + obj.
→ Future Passive
8

9. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Negative forms:
Sub + am not /isn‟t/aren‟t + V3 + obj.
→ Present Simple Passive
Sub + wasn‟t /weren‟t + V3 + obj.
→ Past Simple Passive
Sub + am not/isn‟t/aren‟t + being +
V3 + obj. → Present Continuous
Passive
Sub + wasn‟t /weren‟t + being + V3 +
obj. → Past Continuous Passive 9

10. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Sub + haven‟t/hasn‟t + been + V3 + obj.
→ Present Perfect Simple Passive
Sub + hadn‟t + been + V3 + obj.
→ Past Perfect Simple Passive
Sub + won‟t + be + V3 + obj.
→ Future Passive
10

11. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Question forms with short answer:
Am/Is/Are + sub + V3 + obj?
→ Present Simple Passive
Was/Were + sub + V3 + obj?
→ Past Simple Passive
Am/Is/Are + sub + being + V3 + obj?
→ Present Continuous Passive
Was/Were + sub + being + V3 + obj?
→ Past Continuous Passive
Answer Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.
No, sub + auxiliary verb + not.
11

12. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
 Have/Has + sub + been + V3 + obj?
→ Present Perfect Simple Passive
 Had + sub + been + V3 + obj?
→ Past Perfect Simple Passive
Answer Yes, sub + auxiliary verb.
No, sub + auxiliary verb not.
12

13. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
Question forms with question words:
 Question word + am/is/are + sub + V3 +
obj? → Present Simple Passive
 Question word + was/were + sub + V3 +
obj? → Past Simple Passive
 Question word + am/is/are + sub + being
+ V3 + obj? → Present Continuous Passive
 Question word + was/were + sub + being
+ V3 + obj? → Past Continuous Passive
13

14. Auxiliary Verb: “to be”…
 Question word + have/has + sub + been
+ V3 + obj? → Present Perfect Simple
Passive
 Question word + had + sub + been + V3 +
obj? → Past Perfect Simple Passive
E.g. 1. Bopha is loved by Dara.
2. Where was the laptop stolen last
week?
3. The car has been repaired.
4. Jim didn’t know about the change of
plans. He hadn‟t been told. 14

15. Auxiliary Verb: “to do”
 Do/does/don‟t/doesn‟t are used in the
forms of negative and question in
Present Simple
Negative forms:
I/We/You/They + don‟t + inf.V (no to) +
obj.
He/She/It + doesn‟t + inf.V (no to) + obj.
Question forms with short answer:
Do/Does + sub + inf. V (without to) + obj?
Yes, sub + do/does.
15

16. Auxiliary Verb: “to do”…
Question forms with question words:
Question word + do/does + sub + inf.V
(no to) + obj?
E.g. 1. I don‟t go to school today.
2. Thida doesn‟t do homework.
3. A: Do you know him?
B: No, I don‟t.
4. A: Does Nimol come to school
today?
B: Yes, she does.
5. Where do they stay?
6. Who does Ivhout love? 16

17. Auxiliary Verb: “to do”…
Did/didn‟t are used in the forms of
negative and question in Past Simple
Negative forms:
Sub + didn‟t + inf.V (no to) + obj.
Question forms with short answer:
Did + sub + inf. V (without to) + obj?
Yes, sub + did.
No, sub + didn‟t.
Question forms with question words:
Question word + did + sub + inf.V (no to)
+ obj?
17

18. Auxiliary Verb: “to do”…
E.g. 1. Susan didn‟t like cold weather.
2. Did Ben go to the beach?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn‟t.
3. What did you do last night?
18

19. Auxiliary Verb: “to do”…
 Do/does/did are used to express
emphasis when there is no other
auxiliary. (It stands before the verb)
 (we stress the word when we speak)
 Do/does/did = really
E.g. 1. I do love her. = I really love her.
2. The city does look nice.
= The city really looks nice.
3. We did enjoy the party last Sunday.
= We really enjoyed the party last
19

20. Auxiliary Verb: “to have”
 Have/has are used with the past participl
(V3) to make Present Perfect Simple.
 Positive: I/We/You/They + have + V3 + obj.
He/She/It + has + V3 + obj.
 Negative: I/We/You/They + haven‟t + V3+obj.
He/She/It + hasn‟t + V3 + obj.
 Questions: 1. Have + sub + V3 + obj?
Has + sub + V3 + obj?
Yes, sub + have/has.
No, sub + haven‟t/hasn‟t.
2. Wh-question + have + sub + V3 +
obj?
Wh-question + has + sub + V + obj.20

21. Auxiliary Verb: “to have”…
E.g.1. I‟ve forgotten her name.
2. They have been married for 25 years.
3. Karen has been a nurse for 15 years.
4. When has she written biography?
5. Have you ever been to Australia?
6. He has never given me flowers.
7. Kimleang hasn‟t done homework since
last semester.
21

22. Auxiliary Verb: “to
have”…
 Have/has are used with the past
participle (V3) and V-ing to make Present
Perfect Continuous.
Positive: Sub+have/has+been+V-ing+obj.
Negative: Sub+haven‟t/hasn‟t+been+V-
ing+obj.
Questions: 1. Have + sub + been + V-ing +
obj?
Has + sub + been + V-ing + obj?
Yes, sub + have/has.
No, sub + haven‟t/hasn‟t.
2. Wh-question+have/has+sub+been+V- 22

23. Auxiliary Verb: “to
have”…
E.g. 1. He has been playing tennis since
he was young.
2. I’m covered in mud because I‟ve
been gardening.
3. Have you been crying?
4. How long have you been learning
to drive?
5. He hasn‟t been feeling very well
recently.
What have you been doing lately?
23

24. Auxiliary Verb: “to have”…
Had is used with the past participle (V3)
to make Past Perfect Simple.
Positive: Sub + had + V3 + obj.
Negative: Sub + hadn‟t + V3 + obj.
Questions: 1. Had + sub + V3 + obj?
Yes, sub + had.
No, sub + hadn‟t.
2. Wh-question + had + sub + V3 +
obj?
24

25. Auxiliary Verb: “to
have”…
E.g. 1. The rain had just stopped. So we
decided to go out for a walk.
2. When I got to the party, Peter had
gone home.
3. When I got home, I found that
someone had broken into my house and
had stolen my laptop.
25

26. Auxiliary Verb: “to
have”…
Had is used with the past participle (V3)
and V-ing to make Past Perfect
Continuous.
Positive: Sub + had + been + V-ing + obj.
Negative: Sub + hadn‟t + been + V-ing +
obj.
Questions:1. Had + sub + been + V-ing
+obj?
Yes, sub + had.
No, sub + hadn‟t.
2. Wh-question had+ sub+been+V- 26

27. Auxiliary Verb: “to
have”…
E.g. 1. Vicky felt tired because he had been
working all day.
2. When the company went bankrupt, it
had been losing money for months.
3. A young man was struck by lightning
while he had been standing under a
tree.
27

28. Have Vs Have got
Have (Present) Have got (Present)
Forms Forms
Sub+have/has … Sub+have got/hasgot
Sub + don‟t/doesn‟t …
have … Sub + haven‟t
Do/Does+ sub + got/hasn‟t got…
have…? Have/Has+ sub +got
Yes, sub do/does. …?
No, Sub
don’t/doesn’t. Yes, sub + have/has.
Wh-question + No, sub + haven’t/hasn’t.
do/does + sub + Wh-question + have/has
have…? +sub + got…? 28

29. Have Vs Have got…
 Have = have got but have got is more
informal (to express present
possession)
E.g. 1. We have three cats.
= We have got three cats.
2. Do you have
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
 Have for actions (can be simple and
Continuous)
E.g. 1. Mark has lunch near his office.
2. I have a shower every morning. 29

30. Have Vs Have got…
 Have a swim/a walk/a rest/ a holiday/ a
party/ a good time etc.
 Have a bath/a shower/ a wash
 Have a baby
 Have a chat/have a conversation/have
lesson
 With action verb have we cannot use got
and we cannot use short form.
E.g. 1. Mark has got lunch near his office.
2. I’ve a shower every morning.
Compare: I have a bath every morning.
=I take a bath every morning.
(Action)
I‟ve got a bath. 30

31. Have Vs Have got…
 Have to = have got to for present
obligation
E.g. Do you have to
Have you got to go now?
 Have not have got are used in all other
tenses
E.g. 1. I had my first car when I was nineteen
2. She‟s had this car for two years.
3. I‟ll have a strawberry ice-cream
please.
4. I‟d had three cars by the time I was 20.
31

32. Have Vs Have got…
6. He loves having a sports car.
 Have got is generally more informal. It
is used more in spoken English than in
written English. However, they are often
interchangeable. Have with do/does
forms is more common in American
English.
32

33. Other auxiliary verbs
Tag questions
E.g. These shoes are nice, aren‟t they?
He doesn’t like music, does he?
You love music, don‟t you?
She was going home, wasn‟t she?
They didn’t arrived late, did they?
You’ve met Harry, haven‟t you?
She hasn’t done the job, has she?
You’ll be at home tomorrow, won‟t you?
They’ll be going on Sunday, won‟t they?
You can swim, can‟t you?
33

34. Modal Auxiliary Verbs
 Can/could/may/might/will/would/shall/
should/ must/ ought to/need are
auxiliary verb because they help other
verbs. They are different from auxiliary
verbs (be, do, have) because they have
their own meaning.
E.g. You must come quickly!
She needn‟t do housework. She’s got a
maid.
I didn’t need to go, so I didn’t go.
Bill isn’t in his office so he might be
seeing Mr. Bell.
34

35. Main verbs “be, do, have”
 „Be, do, have‟ can be main verbs or full
verbs with their own meaning
E.g. Sopheak is very handsome.
We weren‟t at school last Monday.
I did homework last night.
Chanthou doesn‟t do housework.
I had 2 cars and one motorbike when I
was 18 years old.
She has 4 brothers.
I don‟t have any closed friends.
Have you had enough to eat? 35