FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 2014

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FUNDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY THE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 2014
Prepared by Peter Saundry, Ph.D. for the COUNCIL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEANS AND DIRECTORS,
AND THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE AFFILIATE PROGRAM OCTOBER 2014
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................. 4
Summary ............................................................................................. 5
1. Defense-wide Programs ($129 million) ....................................... 7
1.1 Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program ($62 million) ....... 7
1.2 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program ($66 million)............... 8
2. Department of the Air Force ($1 million) ...................................... 9
3. Department of the Army ($40 million) ........................................ 10
3.1 Environmental Quality Technology ($23 million).................................................. 10
3.2 Environmental Quality Technology Demonstrations ($12 million) ....................... 11
3.3 Environmental Quality Tech Management Support ($5 million) .......................... 11
4. Department of the Navy ($79 million) ........................................ 12

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Foreword
he National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is pleased to acknowledge and express its deep appreciation to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The AAAS R&D Budget and Policy Program has provided the budget analysis behind this report for the past fifteen years, first under Kei Koizumi and, in recent years, under Patrick Clemins and now Matthew Hourihan.
AAAS drew the data for this report from White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) R&D data, Budget of the United States Government and from agency and historical data. Yearly values are adjusted for inflation using OMB's GDP deflators. Nominal values are unadjusted. FY 2013 are estimates adjusted for the full-year continuing resolution and sequestration. The text of this report is largely drawn directly from the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) budget justification to Congress,1 from DOD websites, and from other DOD resources.
The definition of environmental R&D used in this report includes environmental physical, life and social sciences; environmental engineering; energy-related fields; environmental data and information; and studies that utilize any or all of the above to address pollution problems or activities that impair the sustained functioning and productivity of the earth’s environment.
We have made no effort to analyze activities by specific “fields of science” or “scientific disciplines.”
Because terms such as “environmental science” and even “research” and “development” have imprecise definitions, estimates of federal funding for environmental R&D must be considered approximations. That is not to say the data and descriptions of particular programs are not accurate, rather that definitions are important in deciding which programs and projects to include in the analysis. We have attempted to maintain consistency over the past fourteen years in order to identify trends.
The budget of the federal government and the activities of its agencies are subject to change — sometimes significant change at short notice. We again encourage readers to explore the websites and documents of the respective agencies and programs for the latest information.
1. United States Department of Defense FY 2014 Budget Proposal - http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/documents/defbudget/fy2015/fy2015_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf

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Summary
hile the Department of Defense (DOD) has no specific environmental mission, it implements environmental programs in order to reduce environmental impediments to its operations and limit the impact of future operations on the environment. With that goal, DOD supports activities in four main areas:
1. Cleaning up residual hazardous wastes from active and formerly active military sites in support of the Defense Environmental Restoration Program.
2. Controlling hazardous emissions to comply with environmental regulations.
3. Preventing pollution substituting alternative materials and processes.
4. Conserving natural and cultural resources through proper stewardship.
Figure 1. Environmental R&D at the U.S. Department of Defense (budget authority in millions of dollars)
DOD environmental activities are carried out through the departments of Army and Navy and through several cross-cutting programs. The Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Environmental Security provides oversight for DOD’s Environmental Quality (EQ) Program.
Since they are focused on operations, Department of Defense environmental activities are almost exclusively categorized as applied research or technology development.

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Table 1. Environmental R&D at the Department of Defense (budget authority in millions of dollars)
FY 2012 Actual
FY 2013 Actual
FY 2014 Estimate
Change FY 13-14 Percent DOD-wide Programs 126 127 129 1.7%
Strategic Environ Research Program
64
59
62
6.3% Environmental Security Technology Program 62 68 66 -2.3%
Department of the Air Force
169
1
1
-0.3% Pollution Prevention (Dem/Val) 2 1 1 -0.3%
Next Generation Satellites
167
0
0
- - Department of the Army 45 39 40 2.2%
Environmental Quality Technology
25
22
23
2.8% Environmental Quality Tech Demonstrations 15 12 12 -5.3%
Environmental Quality Tech Management Support
5
4
5
21.4% Department of the Navy 68 74 65 -12.9%
Environmental Protection
21
19
19
-1.8% Ocean Warfighting Environmental Applied Research 47 55 46 -16.8%
____
____
____
TOTAL 409 241 234 -2.7%

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1. Defense-wide Programs ($129 million)
The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) are DOD’s environmental research programs,2 which harness the latest science and technology to improve DOD’s environmental performance, reduce costs, and enhance and sustain mission capabilities.
The Programs respond to environmental technology requirements that are common to all of the military services, complementing the services’ research programs. SERDP and ESTCP promote partnerships and collaboration among academia, industry, the military services, and other federal agencies.
They are independent programs managed from a joint office to coordinate the full spectrum of efforts, from basic and applied research to field demonstration and validation.
1.1 Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program ($62 million)
SERDP is DOD’s environmental science and technology program, planned and executed in partnership with the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with participation by numerous other federal and non-federal organizations. SERDP invests across a broad spectrum of basic and applied research, as well as advanced development.
SERDP focuses on cross-service requirements and pursues solutions to the Department’s environmental challenges. The development and application of innovative environmental technologies reduces the costs, environmental risks, and time required to resolve environmental problems while, at the same time, enhancing and sustaining military readiness.
SERDP and ESTCP manage investments in five program areas. Each area focuses on a specific component of DOD’s environmental responsibilities. Achieving sustainable solutions in all five areas is essential to improve environmental performance, reduce costs, and enhance mission capabilities:
1. Energy and Water: Technologies to improve energy efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, and enhance water conservation on DOD installations.
2. Environmental Restoration. Research and technologies for the characterization, risk assessment, remediation, and management of contaminants in soil, sediments, and water.
3. Munitions Response. Technologies for the detection, classification, and remediation of military munitions on U.S. lands and waters.
4. Resource Conservation and Climate Change. Research that advances DOD’s management of its natural and cultural resources and improves understanding of climate change impacts.
5. Weapons Systems and Platforms. Research and technologies to reduce, control, and understand the sources of waste and emissions in the manufacturing, maintenance, and use of weapons systems and platforms.
2. SERDP and ERDP website - http://www.serdp-estcp.org/

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SERDP issues an annual solicitation for proposals from the federal government, academia, and industry and employs a competitive selection process
1.2 Environmental Security Technology Certification Program ($66 million)
ESTCP is DOD’s environmental technology demonstration and validation program. The Program was established in 1995 to promote the transfer of innovative technologies that have successfully established proof of concept to field or production use. ESTCP demonstrations collect cost and performance data to overcome the barriers to employ innovative technologies that arise due to concerns regarding technical or programmatic risk, the so-called “Valley of Death.”
The Program’s goal is to identify and demonstrate the most promising innovative and cost-effective technologies and methods that address DOD’s high-priority environmental requirements. Projects conduct formal demonstrations at DOD facilities and sites in operational settings to document and validate improved performance and cost savings.
To ensure the demonstrated technologies have a real impact, ESTCP collaborates with end-users and regulators throughout the development and execution of each demonstration. Transition challenges are overcome with rigorous and well-documented demonstrations that provide the information needed by all stakeholders for acceptance of the technology.
ESTCP issues an annual solicitation for proposals from the federal government, academia, and industry and employs a competitive selection process to ensure that ESTCP funds high-quality demonstrations. ESTCP requires each project to develop a formal test and evaluation plan. Demonstration results are subject to rigorous technical reviews to ensure that the conclusions are accurate and well supported by data.

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2. Department of the Air Force ($1 million)
The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) has been collecting weather data for U.S. military operations for more than four decades. Two primary operational DMSP satellites are in polar orbits at about 450 nautical miles (nominal) at all times. The primary weather sensor on DMSP is the Operational Linescan System, which provides continuous visual and infrared imagery of cloud cover over an area 1,600 nautical miles wide.
The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is managed by the tri- agency Integrated Program Office (IPO) utilizing personnel from the Department of Commerce, Department of Defense and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NPOESS is a satellite system used to monitor global environmental conditions and collect and disseminate data related to weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, and near-space environments.

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3. Department of the Army ($40 million)
The U.S. Army Environmental Command (USAEC)3 is a subordinate command of the U.S. Army Installation Management Command, whose mission is to lead and execute Army cleanup and environmental quality programs and provide technical expertise to enable soldier readiness and sustainable military communities.
The USAEC is made up of archaeologists, architects, biologists, chemists, chemical engineers, civil engineers, entomologists, environmental engineers, environmental scientists, foresters, geologists, historians, mechanical engineers, natural resource specialists, physical scientists, and wildlife biologists. Priorities are to:
• Manage and execute the Army’s Cleanup Program.
• Manage the Army’s Environmental Quality Programs.
• Assess and improve installation environmental performance.
• Assess emerging environmental trends and define impacts.
• Evaluate and transfer best management practices and technologies to enhance environmental stewardship.
• Provide technical and operational environmental expertise.
• Assimilate, analyze, and communicate environmental information.
• Conduct environmental planning to ensure informed Army decision making.
• Provide public outreach for the Army Environmental Program.
3.1 Environmental Quality Technology ($23 million)
The Environmental Quality Technology (EQT) Program uses economic analysis to identify the best projects for funding based on mission and environmental urgency, potential cost-avoidance, investment costs, and program risk. EQT facilitates technology development, improvement, and transfer. To cover the wide array of environmental disciplines, the EQT Program has four technological focus areas:
1. Environmental Restoration
2. Munitions Management
3. Sustainable Infrastructure
4. Weapons Systems & Platforms (reduce waste and emissions)
The EQT Program manages the Range Design Risk Assessment Model, which identifies environmental compliance issues and other risk factors to assist range managers in planning for and designing new sustainable ranges as well as retrofitting existing ones.
3. U.S. Army Environmental Command - http://aec.army.mil/

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3.2 Environmental Quality Technology Demonstrations
($12 million)
The Environmental Quality Technology Demonstrations program matures and demonstrates technologies that assist Army installations in becoming environmentally compatible without compromising readiness or training critical to the success of the future force. There are three program elements:
1. Environmental Compliance Technology
2. Pollution Prevention Technology
3. Environmental Restoration Technology
3.3 Environmental Quality Tech Management Support ($5 million)
An Environmental Management System (EMS) is the part of an installation's overall management system that integrates environmental concerns and issues in the installation's management processes. An EMS addresses organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes, and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing, and maintaining environmental requirements. EMS is a tool that helps ensure that soldiers have the land, water, and air resources that they need to train; a healthy environment in which to live; and the support of our local communities. Effective environmental management using EMS supports mission accomplishment and sustainability while integrating environmental goals and policy throughout the entire Army culture.
An EMS enables an installation of any size or type to control the impact of its activities, products, or services on the natural environment, allowing it to not only achieve and maintain compliance with current environmental requirements, but also to recognize and proactively manage future issues that might impact mission sustainability. Army installation EMSs are designed to conform to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 14001 for environmental management systems. Currently, 142 Army installations designated as being an appropriate facility are required to implement an ISO 14001-compliant EMS.

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4. Department of the Navy ($79 million)
The Office of Naval Research (ONR)4 provides the Navy and Marine Corps with the technological superiority necessary to enable the defense of U.S. interests.
ONR funds basic research programs, primarily through U.S. universities; technology research programs, primarily through government and nongovernment laboratories; and advanced technology demonstration programs, primarily through U.S. industry and companies.
ONR’s Science and Technology investments support Navy and Marine Corps requirements in nine focus areas. One of these areas, the Ocean Battlespace Sensing Department, explores science and technology in the areas of oceanographic and meteorological observations; modeling and prediction in the battlespace environment; detection and classification of submarines (anti-submarine warfare); and mine warfare applications for detecting and neutralizing mines in both the ocean and littoral environment.
Science & Technology programs include:
 Arctic and Global Prediction.
 Littoral Geosciences and Optics.
 Marine Mammals and Biology.
 Marine Meteorology.
 Maritime Sensing.
 Ocean Acoustics.
 Ocean Engineering and Marine Systems.
 Physical Oceanography.
 Research Facilities.
 Space Environment.
 Undersea Signal Processing.
The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the Navy and Marine Corps with a staff of more than 2,500 researchers, engineers, technicians, and support personnel. NRL operates as the Navy's full-spectrum corporate laboratory, conducting a broadly-based multidisciplinary program of scientific research and advanced technological development directed toward maritime applications of new and improved materials, techniques, equipment, systems, and ocean, atmospheric, and space sciences and related technologies.
4. Office of Naval Research - http://www.onr.navy.mil/

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NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

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