1. Grammar BookSemester 2 Humberto Hayes

2. Table of Contents Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses- Present- Past- Present perfect irregulars- Subjunctive perfect tanto y tan Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos - Informal - Formal Nosotros command- mono verbs Subjunctive + irregulars- Trigger phrases Impersonal expressions Expressions of emotion Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

3. Conditional + Irregulars Expresses what you would do or what would happen under certain circumstances. Expresses conjecture or probability. Irregulars (same as Future) decirdirhacerharponerpondrsalirsaldr tenertendrvalervoldr venirvendrpoderpodr quererquerrsabersabrcabercabr haberhabrhayhabrá

4. Present Perfect Tense The present perfect is a compound tense formed with the present tense of the verb HABER (to have) and the past participle of another verb. The past participle is formed by changing the ending: AradoEridoIrido Conjugation of Haber Haber + verb(with correct ending) Example: He estudiado.

5. Present Perfect Irregulars Abrir abierto Cubrir  cubierto Decir dicho Escribir  escrito Hacer hecho Morir  muerto Poner  puesto Resolver resuelto Romper  roto Ver  visto Volver  vuelto Ir  ido

6. Past Perfect Tense Use the imperfect of HABER plus the masculine singular form of the past participle. Example: Habíahablado.

7. Future Perfect Tense Use the future of HABER plus the masculine singular form of the past participle. Example: Habrésalidoparalasocho.

8. Subjunctive Perfect Use correct form of HABER plus past participle. Example: Hayallegado a tiempo.

9. Tan y Tanto Tan…como as…as Tanto…como  as much/as many…as Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs. ex: Conduzco tan despaciocomopuedo. Tanto is used with nouns and verbs ex: El tienetantomiedocomoyo.

10. Impersonal “Se” Use “se” to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb. When using “se”, the verb is always in the 3rd person. Can be used in ALL tenses. Ex: Se vendefruta en el mercado. Ex: Se habla ingles. Ex: Se hizo mucho.

11. Saber or Conocer? Saber and conocer both mean “to know”, but they are used at different times. Saber is used to state factual information. Ex: Ella sabequelasballenasjorobadasviven en el océano. Conocer is used for knowledge of people, places, or literary works. Ex: Conozcotu amigo, Bruno.

12. Formal Commands Affirmative Conjugate to yo form. Drop ending and add opposite vowel. Ex: Hablar hablo  hable. Irregulars: TVDISHES Connect DO/IO to verb. Negative Conjugate to yo form. Drop ending and add opposite vowel. Ex: Hablar  hablo  no hable. Irregulars: TVDISHES Put DO/IO before verb.

13. Informal Commands Affirmative Conjugate to tu form and drop the “s.” Ex: Hablar hablas habla. Irregulars: Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven. Connect DO/IO to verb. Negative Conjugate to yo form. Drop ending, and add opposite vowel and “s”. Ex: Hablar  hablo  no hables. Irregulars: TVDISHES Put DO/IO before verb.

14. Nosotros Commands Affirmative Conjugate to yo form. Drop ending, add opposite vowel and “mos.” Ex: Hablar hablo  hablemos. Instead of add “nos” to the end, change the ending to “monos.” Negative Conjugate to yo form. Drop ending, add opposite vowel and “mos.” Ex: Hablar hablo  no hablemos. Put “nos” before the verb.

15. Subjunctive Attitudes, uncertain, hypothetical Conjugate to yo form and add appropriate ending. ArEr/IR Irregulars: TVDISHES Impersonal expression + que + subjunctive

16. Impersonal Expressions Es bueno que… Es interesante que… Es mal que… Es verde que… No es verde que… Es alegre que…

17. Expressions of Emotion

18. Conjunctions of Time a condición de que on the condition that a fin de que so that a menosque unless antes (de) que before con tal (de) que provided that en caso de que in case ojaláque hopefully paraque so that pormiedo de que for fear that siempreque provided that sin quewithout asíque as soon as cuandowhen despuesde que after en cuanto as soon as hastaque until luegoque as soon as tan pronto como as soon as

19. Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns Adjectives Ese/esa that Este/esta  this Aquel/aquella  that (over there) Esos/esas  those Estos/estas  these Aquellos/aquellas  those (over there) Pronouns Ése/ésa that Éste/ésta this Aquél/aquélla that (over there) Ésos/ésas those Éstos/éstas these Aquéllos/aquéllas those (over there)