1. The Cowboy West
And The Industrial East
http://www.forgecattle.com/Cowboy%20Up.JPG
by Baker Lawrimore

2. 1857 1862 1864
Homestead Act
During the 1860s, many men
wanted to go to move west
due to its wonderful land. The
Homestead Act gave 160
acres of land for free to any
member of a family that is
head of the household. From
1862-1900 about 600,000
families took this offer and
moved west.
Sand Creek Massacre
Most of the Cheyenne thought they
were under government protection
and returned to Colorado’s Sand
Creek Reserve. General SR Curtis
sent a message to militia Colonel
John Chivington saying he didn’t want
peace until the Native Americans
suffered more. On November 29th,
Chivington & his troops attacked
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians killing
over 150 people, mostly women and
children.
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/images/homesteading-family.gif
Military
Political
Social
Frederick Law
Olmstead
A landscape
architect heading
the movement for
planned urban
parks. Made plans
for Central Park,
NY City
(Greensward) with
Calvert Vaux. Also
planned the
landscaping at
Asheville’s own
Biltmore Estate. http://www.museumsyndicate.com/images/1/8307.jpg
1862
Exoduster
An African
American who
moved from the
post-reconstruction
South to Kansas
after the passing of
the Homestead Act
in 1862

3. 1864 1867 1869
Credit Mobilier
Formed by stockholders
in the Union Pacific
Railroad. Company laid
track and charged
approximately three
times the value and kept
the profits. Congress
investigated and
uncovered that the
company had stolen 23
million dollars.
Transcontinental Railroad
A railroad line running from
the Atlantic to the Pacific
Coasts of North America
completed in 1869.
Because of the railroad,
time differences in the
country were noticed.
People began considering
Professor C.F. Dowd’s idea
of splitting the earth into 24
time zones.
The Grange
Oliver Kelley started the
Patrons of Husbandry as
a social and educational
outlet for isolated farmers.
This organization became
known as the Grange and
fought against the
Railroad industry in the
1870’s. The Grange
helped form farmer’s
alliances and taught
members how to organize
to bring about change.
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4. 1869 1870’s 1873
Tweed Ring
William M. Tweed led this
group in a scheme using of
the NY County Court House.
Taxpayers paid 13 million
dollars for the construction of
the Court House—10 million
more than it cost. Ring broke
up win 1871 when the public
found out about the scheme.
Tweed escaped from jail
during his second sentence
and was caught in Spain due
to a political cartoon by
Thomas Nast. http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQHVaoFe_X3EI8n-l193mJB4xixjnJT2fCJDs0Dif9Dd5yxrvgBgQ
Jacob Riis
A photographer,
journalist and social
reformer who
exposed poor
conditions in
tenements through
his photography.
Andrew Carnegie
Entered the steel business in
1873. Had risen from poverty
and by 1899 the Carnegie Steel
Company made more steel than
all of Great Britain. Used new
techniques and equipment,
hired talented workers, and
used horizontal and vertical
integration to make a lot of
money and to control the steel
industry.
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Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin’s
theory of biological
evolution, applied to
human laissez faire
economics.
Mid1870’s

5. 1874 1876 1876
George Armstrong Custer
After hearing Custer’s report of
gold found in the Black Hills in
1874, many people flooded to
Wyoming. The Native
Americans living there
protested against the large
numbers of people. In June of
1876, Custer and his troops
met Native American soldiers
at Little Bighorn River and
Custer and all of his men were
killed.
Sitting Bull
The leader of the Hunkpapa
Sioux Tribe. He was a warrior,
spiritual leader, and a medicine
man. He led his people with
strength of character and
purpose. His most famous
battle was at Little Bighorn
River where he killed George
Armstrong Custer.
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Battle of Little Bighorn
Native Americans under the
leadership of Gall, Sitting Bull, and
Crazy Horse defeated American
troops led by George Armstrong
Custer.
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6. 1876 1876 1877
Thomas Alva Edison
Established the first research
laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ in
1876. Later, in 1880, he perfected
the incandescent light bulb. He
created an entire system for
producing and collecting electrical
power. Because of Edison,
electricity became cheaper and
more abundant.
Alexander Graham Bell
Created the telephone
with the aid of Thomas
Watson in 1876,
opening the way for
worldwide
communication.
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Chief Joseph
Succeeded his father
Tuekakas as the leader of the
Wallawa band of Nez Perce.
He led them when the US
government forced them to
move to the reservation in
Lapwai, Idaho. They went into
hiding in Canada.
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7. 1877 1879 1879
Nez Perce
Native American Tribe
indigenous to the Wallawa
Valley. Fought what became
known as the Nez Perce war.
War was the result of their
pursuit by the US Army and
General Oliver O. Howard.
The Vanderbilt Family
Shipped products via the
Railroad to make money.
William Henry Vanderbilt
II along with Cyrus W.
Fields and J. Gould
formed a trust with the
Union Pacific, NY
Central, and Lakeshore
& Independence lines.
Dumbbell Tenements
Built in NY City after the
Tenement House Act of 1879
and before the second act in
1901. The tenements looked
like dumbbells because it was
required for all living areas to
have a window. Therefore
there was a space between
the walls of the buildings to
let air flow.
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8. 1880s 1880s 1880s
Wild Bill Hickok
Toured America in the
1880s in William F.
Cody’s Wild West
Shows. These
performances helped
make western life a part
of American mythology.
Bessemer Process
Developed independently
by a British man named
Henry Bessemer and
American Iron maker
William Kelly in 1850. In
the 1880s American
manufacturers used it to
make 90% of the nation’s
steel.
Voting Restrictions
on African
Americans
Literacy Test: Only those who
could read could vote. Some
tests could be in a foreign
language and some others
were made harder for African
Americans.
Grandfather Clause: Said men could
vote even if they couldn’t pay a poll
tax or pass the literacy test if their
grandfather or father voted before
January 1, 1867. This let poor whites
vote, but left African Americans
behind because no black man could
vote before that date.
Poll Tax: An annual tax that had to be
paid in order to vote. Most African
Americans didn’t have the money to
pay for it and couldn’t vote.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Bessemer_process_DMK.jpg
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9. 1880s 1880s 1880
Segregation
Separation of black and
white races in public
institutions. Began when
African Americans lost
their voting rights.
Ragtime
A mix of European music
forms and African
American spirituals
played in saloons in the
South. Scott Joplin
became famous because
of Ragtime music.
John D. Rockefeller
Set up the Standard Oil Company and used
trust agreements as a kind of merger. His
father tricked him a lot when he was a child to
make him sharper. By 1880, The Standard Oil
Company of Ohio controlled 90% of the
industry. In the beginning he paid his workers
very little and sold oil at a lower price than he
made it. Then when his competitors were out
of business, he shot up his prices.
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8E2D-D6D375F7BC9C_mw800_s.jpg
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10. 1881 1881 1883
Booker T. Washington
Believed racism would
end when black people
required more skills and
proved they were useful.
Born a slave but
graduated from Virginia’s
Hampton Institute. By
1881, he was the head of
Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute, now
called Tuskegee
University.
Assimilation
Plan where Native Americans would
give up their culture and become
Americans. Many sympathizers
supported this even after reading
Helen Hunt Jackson’s book a Century
of Dishonor.
Joseph Pulitzer
Bought NY World
newspaper in 1883. He
created the large Sunday
edition, comics, women’s
news, and sports. He
competed with William
Randolph Hearst’s
Morning Journal. By
1898, both papers’
circulations surpassed
one million copies daily.
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11. 1886
Mid 1880s 1887
Political Machine
An organized group that controlled
political party actions in a city.
Received financial support by
helping businesses and voters.
Worked like a pyramid. At the
bottom there were precinct
captains and ward captains and at
the top was the city boss.
Hay Market Affair
On May 4th 1886, 3000 people
gathered in Chicago at Hay Market
Square to protest police brutality.
Someone tossed a bomb into the
police line and seven officers and
several workers died. Police turned
against the union.
Dawes Act
Passed in 1887, this act was meant
to Americanize Native Americans. It
split up the reservations and gave
160 acres of land to head of
households and 80 acres to
unmarried adults. Government was
supposed to sell remaining land to
settlers and give the money to the
Native Americans. However the
Government did do this.
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12. Late 1880s 1888 1890s
Soddy
A house made by
pioneers in the west out
of sod that was warm in
the winter and cool in the
summer. They were
small and offered little
light and air. Insects and
snakes and it leaked
when it rained.
George Eastman
Developed an alternative
to heavy glass plates on
cameras. Used flexible
film with a coat of gelatin.
In 1888, he created his
Kodak camera and sold it
and a 100 picture roll of
film for $25.
Samel Gompers
Led the cigar makers
union to join other craft
unions in 1886. President
of the American
Federation of Labor.
From 1890-1915 the
average weekly wages
rose from $17.50 to
$24.00 and the work
week went down from
54.5 hours to 49 hours.
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13. 1890s 1890 1890
Settlement House
Community centers in slum
areas that gave assistance to
people in the area, especially
immigrants. Many workers
lived in the house to learn
about the living conditions.
They provided educational,
cultural, and social services.
Charles Stover and Stanton
Colt created the houses in
NY.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
This act made it illegal in 1890 to
form a trust interfering with free trade
between states or with other
countries. Eventually government
stopped enforcing it because the
consolidation of businesses
continued.
Wounded Knee
On December 28, 1890, the 7th
Calvary rounded up 350 Native
Americans and brought them to
the camp at Wounded Knee.
Someone fired a shot and the
soldiers opened fire with the
canon. 300 unarmed Native
Americans were killed in
minutes. This battle brought the
period of Native American war
to an end.
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14. http://keyconversationsradio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Ida-B-Wells.jpg
1892 1892 1892
Scab
Strike breakers. One
case was on June
29, 1892 when the
president of
Carnegie Steel
Company’s
Homestead Plant in
Pennsylvania, Henry
Clay Frick hired
scabs to work in
place of strikers.
Ida B. Wells
Born a slave, she moved
to Memphis in the early
1880s to be a teacher.
She became the editor of
a local paper with the
persistent theme of racial
justice in her reports. Her
theme became a crusade
on March 9, 1892 when
three African American
businessmen were
lynched in Memphis.
Ellis Island
Immigrant inspection
station in NY Harbor.
About 20% of the daily
immigrants were detained
for about a day. Two
percent were usually
denied entry. Usually
processing took about 5
hours. Those with health
problems were sent home.
From 1892-1924, 17
million immigrants passed
though Ellis Island.
1892
Omaha Platform
1892 National Convention
of the Populist Party.
Economic reforms
included increase in
money supply, graduated
income tax, federal loan
program.
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15. 1894 1896
Pullman Strike
After the Panic of 1893,
the Pullman company
laid off 3000 out of their
5800 employees. It also
cut pay by 25-50% and
after paying rent, workers
took home less than six
dollars a week. Strike
was called in 1894 and it
became violent. Many
strikers were fired.
Eugene Debbs was
jailed. The ARU
boycotted Pullman cars.
Eugene V. Debbs
Attempted to form
American Railway Union
(ARU). Most members
were unskilled or semi-
skilled laborers. In 1894,
the new union won a
strike for higher wages.
In two months it had
150,000 members. It
failed after a strike.
Bimetallism
An issue in the 1896
election, this was a
monetary system where
the government gives
citizens either gold or
silver in exchange for
paper currency or
checks. People who
believed in this—mostly
farmers or laborers--
were called silverists.
1894
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16. 1896 1896 1896
Plessy vs. Ferguson
A Supreme Court case testing
segregation’s constitutionality. The
Court found that separation of races
in public accommodations—as long
as they were “separate, but equal,”--
did not violate the 14th amendment. It
allowed segregation to go on for 60
more years. The case was overturned
by Brown vs. Board of Education in
1954.
William McKinley
Republican candidate
for the 1896 presidential
election. He had millions
of funds backing him.
He was firmly
committed to the gold
standard. He won the
campaign with 7 million
votes.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate
for the 1896 presidential
election. He gave the
Cross of Gold speech.
He believed in the free
silver economy. He
campaigned in 27
states sometimes
making 20 speeches a
day. He got 6.5 million
votes and lost the
election.
1896
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech made by William
Jennings Bryan at the
Democratic National Convention
in 1896. Speech condemned the
gold standard saying, “You shall
not press down upon the brow of
labor this crown of thorns, you
shall not crucify mankind upon a
cross of gold.”
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17. 1898
Late 1890s 1901
Vaudeville
A form of entertainment
in which people
performed songs, dance,
comedy, juggling, and
female chorus lines. Was
consider an American
invention because it
offered something to
attract everyone.
William Randolph Hearst
Main competitor of
Joseph Pulitzer and the
NY World. He purchased
the NY Morning Journal
in 1895. He wrote about
exaggerated tales and
scandals. By 1898, the
competing papers sold
one million copies a day
each.
Monopoly
A single business with complete
control over the industry’s production.
It can determine wages and prices.
One way to create a monopoly is to
create a holding company to buy out
all competitors. US Steel was one of
the most successful holding
companies, buying out Carnegie
Steele in 1901.
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18. 1903 1905 1905
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Started as bike makers in
Dayton, Ohio. Made their
own glider with a 40’4”
wingspan and a four
cylinder internal
combustion engine. They
made their first flight on
December 17, 1903, at
Kitty Hawk, NC. It was 120
feet and 12 seconds long.
Socialism
A political system that promotes equal
distribution of wealth and communal
ownership. Advocated by German
philosopher Karl Marx. The Industrial
Workers of the World (IWW) was
started in 1905 by socialist William
“Big Bill Haywood.”
W.E.B. Dubois
First African American to
receive doctorate from
Harvard. He strongly
disagreed with Booker T.
Washington’s belief that
racism would end over
time. In 1905, he founded
the Niagara Movement
which believed blacks
should seek a liberal arts
education so that African
Americans would have
educated leadership.
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19. 1910 1910 1911
Mail Order Catalog
Montgomery Ward and
Sears Roebuck brought
retail merchandise to
small towns through their
mail order catalogs which
pictured items for sale.
By 1910, 10 million
Americans shopped by
mail.
Debt Peonage
Mexicans and African Americans
were forced into this system. It was a
system that bound laborers into
slavery in order to work off the debt of
an employer. In 1911, it was declared
a violation of the 13th amendment.
Angel Island
Asian immigrants to America came to
the inspection station at Angel Island
off the coast of San Francisco.
50,000 Chinese immigrants came
through Angel Island between 1910
and 1940.
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