1. IB BIO NOTES: Organelles of Cells 12/4/2012 9:17:00 AM
Types of Cells
Prokaryote bacteria cells – no organelles
Eukaryote animal cells
Eukaryote plant cells
Organelles
Specialized structures
o Specialized functions
 Cilia of flagella for locomotion
Containers
o Partition cell into compartments
o Create different local environments
o Distinct and incompatible functions
Membranes as sites for chemical reactions
o Unique combos of lipids and proteins
o Embedded enzymes & reaction centers
 Chloroplasts & mitochondria
Cells have jobs
Make proteins – proteins control every cell
Make energy –growth and life
Make more cells – growth repair renewal
Proteins do all the work
DNA codes for proteins which make cells
Cell functions
Building proteins
o Read DNA instructions
o Build proteins
o Process proteins
 Folding
 Modifying
o Address and transport proteins
Building Proteins
Organelles involved
o Nucleus
o Ribosomes
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi apparatus

2. o Vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
o Nucleus->ribosome->ER->Golgi apparatus->vesicles
Nucleus
Function
o Protects DNA
Structure
o Double membrane
o Membrane fused in spots to create pores
 Allows large macromolecules to pass through
Nucleolus
Function
o Ribosome production
 Build ribosomes subunits from rRNA& proteins
 Exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm and combine to
form functional ribosomes
Ribosomes
Function
o Protein production
Structure
o rRNA and protein
o 2 subunits combine
Types of Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
o Suspended in cytosol
o Synthesize proteins that function in cytosol
Bound ribosomes
o Attached to endoplasmic reticulum
o Synthesize proteins for export or for membranes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
o Processes proteins
o Manufactures membranes
o Synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
Structure

3. o Membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends
throughout cell
Rough ER
o Studded with ribosomes
o Produce proteins for export out of cell
 Protein secreting cells
 Packaged into transport vesicles for export
Smooth ER
o No ribosomes
o Membrane production
o Many metabolic processes
 Synthesis
 Synthesis lipids
 Hydrolysis
 Hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
 Detoxify drugs and poisons
Membrane Factory
Build new membrane
o Synthesize phospholipids
 Builds membranes
o ER membrane expands
 Bud off and transfer to other parts of cell that need
membranes
Golgi Apparatus
Function
o Finishes, sorts, tags, ships cell products
 Like ups shipping
o Ships products in vesicles
 Membrane sacs

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