1. The vowel inventory
Front central back
The picture below
show the mouth
cavity and it is
high equivalent grid in
mid which the tonge is
moved up-down or
low back to utter the
vowel sound
spread neutral rounded

2. Articulatory diagram
Organs of the
e speech
d f 1. Tongue
b a.- apico segment
a c b.- fronto segment
c.- dorso segment
2. Palatal
d- alveolar section
e.- palatal section
f- velar section

3. VOWELS DIPHTHONGS VOWEL PRODUCTION
The aspects
Is a speech sound
When vowels consederer to
produced by
occur in determine the vowel
human beings
combinations, th features are as
when the breath
ey are called follows:
flows out
diphthongs,
throught mouth
without being Every vowel is voiced in
blocked by teeth both languages; vowel
tonge or lips quality are clssified as
A diphthong simple and complex.
starts in one Other is tongue position:
position and high middle low.
vowels are moves to Area these are front
characterized by the another central or back . Muscle
relative height/ tention are tense or lax .
position or
frontness of the tonge And the lip shape spread
and relaativerounding
viceversa.
neutral and rounded.
of the lips

4. SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
area
front central back
T m
/i/
o u
high
/u/
n s
t cl
g e
e e
n
mid
/e/ /o/ s
p t
e e
o
si n
ti
low
ti
o /a/ o
n n
Spread neutral rounded
Lip shape

5. ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
area
front central back
T
/iy/ /uw/ tense m
o
high
u
n
s
g
/I/ /ʊ/ cl
e
e
mid
/ey/
p /ə/ /ow/
/ɛ/ t
o
e
si
low
n
ti /æ/ /ɔ/ lax ti
o /a/ o
n
n
Spread neutral rounded
Lip shape

6. FRENCH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
area
front central back
Aigue-antérieure centralisée Grave-postériuere
T
m
o /i/ /y/ /u/
Ferme Te u
n
high
n
s
g Mi- d
ue cl
e ferme
/e/ /ø/ /o/ e
moyenne
p
mid
/ə/ t
o
e
si R n
ti Mi- /ɛ/ / / /œ/ /ɔ/ e
ti
o ouverte /œ/ /ɔ/ l
low
a o
n /ã/ /∝/ c
ouverte n
h
é
NA A Neutre NA A
Spread neutral rounded
Lip shape

7. Phonemic and phonetic vowel
contrast.
Is a single vowel articulated
monophthongs without change in a quality
throughout the course of a
syllable.

8. SPANISH /i/ with ENGLISH /iy/ and /I/
The fronto section of the tongue
Spanish rises to make contact both sides
/i/ of the upper lateral teeth
Tonge is positioned forward and
English high in the oral cavity with the
/IY/ sides in contact with the teeth
laterally and the tip positioned
behind the lower teeth.
The tonge is positined forward
and slightly lower, with the sides
English in contact with the teeth laterally
/I/ and the tip positineed behind
the lower teeth.

9. SPANISH /e/ with ENGLISH /ey/ and /ɛ/
English English /ɛ/
Spanish /e/ /ey/
The tonge is positioned
The dorso section of The tonge is positioned forward and high in the
the tonge reaches the forward and high in the oral cavity with the
borders of the hard oral cavity with it is sides sides in contact with
palatal making a in contact with the the lateral teeth and
groove between the lateral teeth. The lips are the tip placed behind
tongue and the spread and retracted. the lower teeth. The
palatal. lips are spread and
retracted.

10. The dorso section of the
tongue moves upwards
Spanish gently to the central area of
/a/ the oral cavity the tongue
remains moveless.
The tongue positioned
SPANISH /a/ slightly forward and low in
English the oral cavity with the apex
with / æ/
ENGLISH /a/ positioned behind the lower
and /æ/ teeth.
The tonge is slightly back
and low in the oral cavity
English with the tip of the tonge
/a/ placing behind the lower
front teeth.

11. ENGLISH /ə/ The schwa is the common
vowel in spoken english
ant it is a quite short
vowel sound in many
ligtly pronounced
Occurs in english but it does unstressed syllables
not in spanish. inmultisyllabic words.
It sometimes signified The tonge is
by the positioned in the
pronunciation”uh” middle of the oral
cavity
The schwa happens
mostly as part of
unstressed syllables

12. The tonge is retracted backwards
Spanish the oral cavity. The postdorso
/o/ section of the tongue moves up
towards the soft palatale. Lips are
rounded
The tongue is
Spanish /o/ positioned back
English
with in a low-med
/ɔ/
english /ɔ/ position with
And /ow/ respect to the
height.
The dorso section of the
English tongue is moved
/ow/ backwards. The lips are
rounded and protruded.

13. A diphthong DIPHTHONGS
is a
phonologica
l group
consisting
of a vowel
sound ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS
followed by
a non-
adjacent
glide within
the same
A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of two
syllable
components; a diphthong begins as one vowel
and finishes as another.
Happen in inital-diphthong
Usually, the two components can be
position, they are
referred to as a nucleus and an off-glide.
semiconsonants, but when
they occur in final-diphthong
position, they are semivowels

14. ENGLISH DIPHTHONG CHART
T
o front
area
central back
M
u
n s
/iy/ /uw/
tense
g high
c
u le
e mid
low /a/ /ɔ/ t
p e
o n
si spread neutral rounded ti
ti o
o n
n
Lip shape

15. SPANISH DIPHTHONGS
The vowels in spanish can be classified as either weak,
<i.u> or strong more ann the classificaton can
determine when combinations of two or more vowels
are considered to form a separated syllable
/a/ /a/
/y/
/e/ /e/
/w/
/o/ /o/

16. SPANISH DIPHTHONG CHART
area
T
o M
n front central back u
g /i/ /u/ s
u high
c
e le
tense
/e/ /o/
mid
p t
o low e
si /a/ n
ti ti
spread neutral rounded
o o
n n
Lip shape

17. ENGLISH AND SPANISH
DIPHTHONGS
English and
English and
spanish
spanish
diphthong /ay/
diphthong /aw/
This diphthong production is
This diphthong production is pretty similar in both
similar in both languages. The languages. The picture
picture sequence show the sequence show how the
tongue moves from the low- tongue moves from the low-
central position to the high- front central position to the
back position. The lip change high-front position. The lips
their shape from neutra to change their shape from
rounded during this neutral to spread during this
diphthong production. diphthong production

18. ENGLISH AND
SPANISH
DIPHTHONG
/oy/ / /ɔy/
English /ɔy/ Spanish /oy/
The tongue moves
the tongue moves from
from mid-low back
the mid backposition
position to high front
to the high front.lips
position. The lips are
are rounded and
rounded become
become spread.
spread.

19. SPANISH RISING DIPHTHONGS
Is voiced,complex non adjancent glide, high front becoming low central tense
/ya/ spread becoming neutral
/ye/ Voiced complex-adjacent glide high front becoming low front tense spreads
/yo/ Voiced. Complex-non adjacent glide high front becoming mid back tense spread
bocoming rounded
/yw/ Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high front bocoming mid back tense spread
becoming rounded.
Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high back becoming low central tense
/wa/ rounded becoming neutral
Voiced complex-non adjacent glide high back becoming mid front tense rounded
/we/ becoming spread.
Voiced complex non adjacent glide high back becoming high front tense rounded
/wy/
becoming spread.
/wo/ Voiced complex adjacent glide high back becoming mid tense rounded.

20. SPANISH FALLING DIPHTHONGS
Voiced complex non adjacent glide low central
becoming high front tense neutral becoming spread
/ay/
Voiced complex adjacent glide mid front becoming
/ey/ high front tense spread
Voiced complex non adjacent glide mid front
/ew/ becoming high back tense spread becoming rounded

21. THE CONSONANT INVENTORY
Used primarily for breathing and eating secondarily for speaking
constrcting airflow in the mouth at various points, we make the
distinctive sounds for human speech. The vocal tract has active
and passive articulators. They are also know as articulators and
points articulation.
ARTICULATORY BASIS
Four principal dimiensions are considered when
regarding “consonant articulation” voicing articulator and
point of the articulation cavity and manner.

22. VOICING
Voiced voiceless
consonants.
A simple explanation of
voiced consonants is that Voiceless consonants do not
they used the voice. This is used the voice. They are
easy to test by putting your percussive and hard sounds.
finger on your throat. You can test if a consonant is
voiceless by putting your
finger on your throat

23. ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF
ARTICULATION
Point the Manner of
The articulator cavity
articulation articulation
It refers to the way
Is the doer of Is any part of how air flows out
the It concerns
the mouth during the
articulation the place production of a
that can be
and moves where air sound. The sound
reached by
freely enough goes through. might be stop
the
to be active in It can be the fricative nasal lateral
articulator. It vibrant affricateor a
the apeech. It mouth or
is also known continuant. The
is also known nasal cavity.
as Major manner of
as Major passive consonants describes
Active articulator the manner in which
Articulator airflow is restricted.

24. PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONSONANT CONTRAST OF
CONTRAST. ENGLISH AND
SPANISH STOPS
The active articulator touches the passive
articulator and completely cuts of the
airflow through the mouth.
STOP OR English and spanish stops include: /p/ /b/
PLOSIVE /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/. If /p/ /t/ or /k/ are
pronounced at the beginning of an english
words a strong puff of breath will be felt.
It is called aspiration
HOMORGANI
C SOUNDS This refers to sounds made at the
same place of articulation literally,
with the same organ.

25. /p-b/
production
picture
spanish-english
bilabial oral
stop
/b/ voiced
Voiceless /p/

26. Spanish
Position /p/ [p]
I
M
F X X
The /p/ phonemic distribution is : partial
The /p/ phonetic distribution is: partial

27. English
Position /p/ [ph ] [p] [pˈ] [p-]
I X X X
M X X X
F X X
The /p/ phonemic distribution is: total
The /p/ phonetic distribution is : partial, complementary
and free variation.

28. PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
CONSONANT CONTRAST
STOP
OR
PLOSIV
E
English and Spanish stops
The active articulator touches include: /p/. /b/ /p/. /d/,/k/.
the passive articuator and /g/.If /p/, /t/. or/k/ are
completely the airflow pronounced at the beginning of
through the mouth an English word, a strong puff of
breath will be felt it is called
aspiration
The puff of air creates a variation of
the basic phoneme in English . To
prove this, say “ tip” the aspiration
will be felt or move the paper slip. If
/p/,/t or /k// are pronounced in the
middle or end of a word, that
aspiration will not be there..

29. , but with most
In phonetic, this sound the organ
refers to sound even though the is ten tongue so
made at the lower lip also in these cases it
HOMORGANI same place of porduces refers to which
C SOUND articulation, homorganic point in the oral
literally with the sound cavity the
same or organ tongue is
touching

30. There are in fact several degrees
/p- of aspiration in english it is
quite strong in initial position
b/PRODUCTION before a stressed vowel as in
“pen” and some what less strong
PICTURE in medial position
As it is perceptible speakers d
not aspirate any voiceless stop there are several way to
sound in word initial position demonstrate aspiration of the
in English furthermore this/p/ voiceless stops/P/ b// /t/ in
sound in word- final position teaching the proper
tends to be pronounced like the pronunciation.
voiceless
English and Spanish /p/ /b/ use Spanish spelling:<p> patron/
the same organ to be uttered. pa'tron , capa /'kapa/
The dimension that makes
them sound differently is English spelling <p> pick / pick/
voicing happy /hæpIy/

31. /P/ PHONETIC AND PHONEMIC
DISTRIBUTION
Spanish and english voiceless, bilabial,
oral,. Stop, however spanihs has just one
allophone [p]voiceless, bilabial, oral,
stop,
strongly aspirated [-p-] voiceless,
bilabial, oral, stop unaspirated[-p’],
voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop unreleased,
[-p-] voiceless, bilabial, oral, stop
released.

32. CONTRASTIVE TRANSFER ANALYSIS
In light of the fact that l2 pronunciation error are often caused by the transfer of well
established sound systems, it is important to examine some of the characteristic
phonological different between Spanish and English
• Such observation of L2 pronunciation error above, in turn naturally suggestion the
critical need for teachers to become more aware of the impact that learners
• Although contrastive analysis has often been criticized for its inadequacy to predict
the transfer error that learners will make in actual learning contexts
The fact that native of English can recognize foreign accent in ESL/EFL learners
speech such as Spanish accent or any other ones is a clear.
• Contrastive transfer assists languages learners and teachers to identify easily the
sound to be learned, improved or emphasized in their production in order to have a
more affective level of communication.

33. For student who
have mastered the
ipa phonetic
transcriptions can
improve their
understanding of
the importance
However, when This manner of
speaking to native speaking greatly
speakers, student CONTEXTUALIZED influences, and
are often surprise PHONETIC sometimes even
ay how the changes, the
phonetic TRASCRIPTION pronunciation of
traanscription single word.
These words have
a strong and a
weak form whose
pronunciation
will depend on
some factors

34. STRONG AND WEAK FORMS
In connected speech, many of the small words
we use very frequently tend to take on a different
shape from the one listed in the dictionary.
Function words are essentially closed class
words, such as pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions, auxiliaries, etc.

35. /B/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
Both Spanish and English
Spanish has two allophones: [b]
/b/ sound is voiced, bilabial, voiced, bilabial, oral. Stop,
oral, stop
[-β-]voiced bilabial [-b] or [-b-] are some
oral, fricative, which arbitrary symbols that
ocurs after /i7, /r/ can be found in none
between vowels as well official IPA notation
as between a vowel

36. Despite the fact that Spanish
and English use the same
phonological symbols /t/ the
consonant quality differs due to
the point of articulation
English /t/ is This phonemes
voiceless, apico presents just one
dental oral, stop allophones [t] is
and has seven voiceless, apico
variant [tʰ-] /t/PHONEMIC AND dental, oral, stop
voiceless, apico PHONETIC unaspirated.
alveolar, oral, stop, FEATURES
strongly aspirated
[-t-] voiceless
[-ɾ-]] voiceless apico alveolar
apico alveolar , oral, stop
, oral, flap. unaspirated
([t̯][ţ]̧[r])

37. /d/ PONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
BOTH SPANISH AND ENBLISH USE THE SAME [d] voiced, apico –
PHONILOGICAL SYMBOLS/D7, Ts is in dental, oral, stop,
Spanish, voiced apico dental, oral, stop and has [-ð-]] voiced, apico –
four allophones inerdental, oral,
fricative
Which is uttered when
[-φ] zero allophone
found between vowels,
which depending on
after the flap sound
the dialect might occur
/r/, and between a
in middle and or final
vowel and voiced
word position
consonant sound.

38. /k/PHONEMIC
AND PHONETIC
FEATURES
The /k/ sound keeps The Spanish /k/ has
the same features in However, they differ in one allophone [k]
both languages: their phonetic voiceless, dorso- velar,
voiceless dorsovelar, analysis. oral, stop,
oral, stop unaspirated.
The english /k/ has
[-k-] voiceless dorso four allophones [Kʰ-]
velar stop. Strongly voiceless, dorso velar,
unaspirated oral, stop, strongly
aspirated,

39. /g/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATUIRES
Both languages have phonemically the
same /g/ sound: voiced, dorso- velar. Oral,
stop
Spanish has three variations [g] voiced
dorso- velar, oral, stop; [-ɤ-] voiced dorso-
velar oral, fricative ([ɡ̷])which occurs
between vowel sound after /ɾ/ and /I/.
And between a vowel sound and a voiced
consonant; [φzero allophones. English has one
allophone: voiced dorso velar, oral, stop

40. CONTRATS OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH
FRICATIVE
Fricative sounds are produced the articulator partially
touches the point of articulationand gets close enough
that airflow throungh the opening becomes turbulent.
ENGLISH SPANISH has a wide
/f/ /v/ labio dental dialectal variation,
/s/ /z/ apico alveolar consequently
/θ/ /ð/ apico speakers of different
interdental dialects our
/ʃ/ /Ʒ/ fronto palatal pronounciation
/h/ glottal problem.
TIPS
The letter <v> is a part of the Spanish Alphabet it is pronunced [b] or fricative
[β].
The /ʃ/ sound is not problem for Ecuadorian Andean speakers due to the
kychwa /ʃ/.

41. /f/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
Has two allophones Has one allophone
/f/voiceless,
labiodental, oral, /f/ voiceless,
fricative; /φ/ bilabial, oral,
voiceless, fricative.
bilabial, oraal,
fricative which
is used in free
variation.
REMINDER: Many english.nouns ending in/f/
change inti /v/ went the plural ending is
added. This process is known as a
morphophonemic change.

42. /v/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
The /v/ ENGLISH
sound does
not
exist in
Spanish.
In English , /v/ is voiced,
labiodental, oral, fricative
and happens in initial,
middle and final position.

43. /s/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
Spanish which has many In English /s/ is voiceless, apico-
more that English. alveolar, oral, fricative; /-s-/
voiceless, apico-dental, oral,
fricative which occurs before the
voiceless –alviolar, /t/; /-z-/voiced,
REMINDER: The ending <-s> or <- apico-dental, oral, fricative, which
es> has three meanings: the third occurs before a voiced consonant
person singularpresent tense, the sound; /-z-/voiced, apico-dental,
plural nouns, and the nouns oral, fricative, which happens
possessive. before the voiced dental.

44. /z/ PHONETIC AND PHONEMIC FEATURES
SPANISH ENGLISH
/z/ sound sccurs before a /z/ sound is voiced, apico-
voiced, consonant sound alveolar,oral, fricative, and has
because of its posotional one allophone which keeps he
variation and it is an same traits as its phoneme:/z/
allophone of the voicceless voiced, apico-alveolar, oral,
apico-alveolar frivative, fricative.

45. Both languages
have the / f /
sound which is
voiceless,
labio-dental,
oral, fricative
apico-alveolar,
oral, fricative;
[-s-] voiceless,
PHONETIC Nevertheless,
Spanish has
two allophones:
apico – dental,
oral, fricative. FEATURES [f] voiceless
apicoalveolar,
oral, fricative.
The difference
is marked
greatly in
Spanish which
has many more
variants than
English:
voiceless

46. PRODUCTION
Spanish
<v> vest / Spellings:
vest/, <Iv> although <v>
halve / hæv existis in the
Spanish
alphabet, it is
pronounced as
English
/b/ vaca /
Spellings:
baka/, burro /
buro

47. PHONEMIC
Both English and :the /s/ sound
AND PHONETIC
Spanish have which is
FEATURES /S/
The difference is ;.voiceless,
which has many
marked greatly in apicoalveolar, oral,
more variants than
Spanish English fricative
:voiceless, apico- [-s-] voiceless,
alveolar, oral, apico – dental,
fricative oral, fricative

48. • razor / reyzər/, <zz> buzz
/ bəz/,<x> example
/gz//ig zæmpəl/.
• Spanish – English
Spanish spellings: [z]
happens
PRODUCTION • allophone of /s/; <z> and
<s> = /s/:
• zona
/ sona/, vez / bes/, asno [
azno].
• English spellings: <z>

49. PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC
FEATURES/Ө/
The voiceless, apico-
[Ө] is voceless, apico- interdental, oral, fricative, /
interdental, oral, fricative Ө /, exists in both
languages
with the distinction than in
The English / Ө / sound
Spanish it is an allophone
has no phonetic variation.
while in English it is a
Consequently, its allophene
phoneme

50. /f-v/ PRODUCTION
/f/ voiceless, labio-dental,oral, fricative.
/v/ voiced, labio-dental,oral, fricative.
/f/ PHONEMIC
/v/ PHONEMIC AND
AND PHONETIC
PHONETIC
FEATURES
FEATURES
Both languages
The /v/ sound does
have the /f/ sound
not exist in Spanish.
which is
In English /v/ is
voiceless, labio-
voiced, labio-
dental,oral, fricativ
dental,oral, fricative.
e.
It has one allophone:
Spanish has two
[v]
allophones:
[f] [ɸ]

51. Both languages have the
/ð/ sound in Spanish it is
an allophone which
occurs in middle
position betwwen
vowels.
/ð/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
English Examples:
English it is a phoneme [ð]
Although /əl'ðow/
in initial, middle and
Teethe /'tiyð/
final position.

52. /ʃ/ PRODUCTION
/ʃ/ voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, groove, fricative.
In Spanish does not occurs . Speanish speakers from Ecuador use it
as part of kichwa words loaned to the language.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES:
ENGLISH ENGLISH
ENGLISH
<sh> should /'ʃʊd/ <sch> schwa /'ʃwa/
<ci> special /„spƐʃəl/
<s> insurance <sc> crescendo
<ti> partial /‟parʃəl/
/ɪn'ʃʊɹəns/ /kɹə‟ʃƐndow/
<xu,xi>=k luxury
<ss> issue /‟ɪʃuw/ <ce> ocean /‟owʃƐn/
/„ləkʃəɹɪy/

53. /ʃ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES
Examples:
This /ʃ/ sound occurs English
exclusively in English Propulsion /pɹə„pəlʃən/
has one allophone [ʃ] . Permission /pəɹ'mɪʃən/

54. /ʒ /PRODUCTION
/ʒ/ Sound occurs in English
only middle and final position.
The English /ʒ / sounds
features are voiced, fronto- Examples
palatal, oral, groove, fricative, Garage /gə'ɹaʒ/
and has an allophone which <si>ocacion /ə„keyʒən/
keeps the same features as <s>measure /mɛʒəɹ/
it s phoneme. <g> regime /ɹeyɪ'ʒiym/
<z> azure /'æʒəɹ/
/ʒ/In spanish does not occurs
a phoneme.

55. /x /SPANISH PRODUCTION
Oral
Dorso velar
Fricative
Voiceless
/x /Is a sound which exists particularly in Spanish. Examples
This phoneme has three allophones which may <j>jarabe /xa'ɾabe/
occur in free variation regarding the position. This <g>girasol /xiɾa„sol/
are
[x] voiceless, dorso-velar,oral,fricative.
<x>Xavier /xa'byeɾ/
[h] voiceless, glottal,oral,fricative.
[Ø] zero allophone

56. /h / PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Oral
Glottal
Fricative
Voiceless
Spanish /h /has an allophone of [x] used by people
front the coastal region. Examples
This phoneme in English has two allophones. This <h>holiday /„halɪdey/
are
<wh>whole /„howl/
[h] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative.
[-ɦ-] voiceless, glottal, oral, fricative, and happens
just between voiced sounds.
The /h/ sounds never occurs in final position nor
has a counterpart.

57. CONTRAST OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH AFFRICATES
Those consonants have
the same or similar
places of articulation.
ENGLISH AFFRICATES SPANISH AFFRICATES
/tʃ/ [tʃ] /tʃ/ [tʃ]
[dʒ]

58. /tʃ/ /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Apico alveolar lamino
fronto palatal oral
Voiceless /tʃ/
Africative
Voiced /dʒ/
/tʃ/ there are in
Spanish and English. It Examples English
is voiceless, apico <cheap> /tʃɪyp/
alveolar, lamino , <preacher> /pɹɪytʃəɹ/
fronto , palatal, oral <reach> / ɹɪytʃ/
affricate. Its phoneme
[tʃ]

59. /dʒ/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
Spanish spellings: /ʤ/ does
not exist as a phoneme
In english its occurs as phoneme
and allophone /ʤ/voiced, apico
alveolar, lamino, fronto palatal, oral
affricate
Examples of
English <jam>
/ʤæm/
<larger> /laɹʤəɹ/
<large> /laɹʤ/

60. When we pronounce this consonants, the air
to flow out through the nasal cavity.
Contrastive nasal sound chart
Articulator and point articulation
bilabial Apico Dorso Dorso
alveolar velar palatal
E /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ -
S /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ /ɲ/
vd vd vd vd
ALL OF THEM ARE VOICED, OCCLUSIVE,
CONTINUANT

61. /m/ PRODUCTION
ENGLISH-SPANISH
The /m/sounds is similar in
both languages:[m] voiced,
bilabial, nasal, occlusive, continuant.
English Spanish
The /m/ phoneme has three
allophones: The /m/ phoneme has one
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive, allophone:
continuant
[-ɱ-] voiced, labiodental, nasal,
[m] voiced, bilabial, nasal,
occlusive, continuant which occurs occlusive, continuant
before the voiceless labiodental
fricative.
[m̩ ] voiced, bilabial, nasal, occlusive,
continuant, occurs in a word finally
syllable

62. The /n/ Sound is
/n/PHONEMIC voided, apico-aleolar, In Spanish
AND PHONETIC nasal , occlusive,
FEATURES continuant, in both They are :
english and spanish.
[nʲ] is voiced,
fronto-palatal, [-n̻-] is voiced,apico
nasal , occlusive, dental, nasal, [n] is voiced,
continuant . And occusive, continuant . apico-alveolar,
ocurrer before the And happeens before nasal , occlusive,
voiceless palatal a dental stop /t,d continuant
affricate sound, /Sound
/tʃ/
[-ɱ-] is voiced,
[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-
labiodental, nasal ,
velar, nasal ,
occlusive,
occlusive,
continuant. And
continuant. And
ocurrer before the
ocurrer before a
voiceless
dorso velar sound,
labiodental fricative
/k-g-x/
/f/

63. And c+[-n̟] is
[n] is voiced,
In English apico-alveolar, voiced, apico-
nasal , occlusive, alveolar, nasal ,
exist occlusive,
continuant
continuant.
English nasal consonants
may become syllabic when Syllabyc and occurs
occur in final-word just in final untresses-
position as part of an REMINDER syllable position whit
unstressed syllable and no reduced vowel
besides when the reduced sound
vowel sound is dropped

64. /ŋ/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC FEATURES
Both languages have the
/ŋ/ sound. It voiced, is In Spanish, /ŋ/ is
voiced, dorso-velar, nasal allophone of /n/.
, occlusive, continuant
In english, /ŋ/ is a
phoneme. The english
/ŋ/ has to possible
allophones
[-ņ-] is voiced, dorso-velar, REMINDER
[ŋ] is voiced, dorso-velar, nasal , occlusive, continuant.
nasal , occlusive, The spanish [ŋ] occurs
Syllabic which happens just in in free vatiation in
continuant. contextual speech between 2 final-word position
any dorso velar sound, /k-g-x/

65. REMINDER
• The /ɲ/ sound /ɲ/ PHONEMIC
occurs in spanish, AND PHONETIC
french and Italian. FEATURES
• English speakers
have the
tendency to
The /ɲ/ sound
tendency to
/ɲ/ is voiced, belong particulary
pronunce/ny/
dorso-palatal,
due to its absence to Spanish. Both
nasal , english
in the occlusive, the phoneme and
consonant .
continuant its allopone keep
inventory the same features:

66. CONTRAST OF When an /l/ is formed, the tongue tip
ENGLISH AND touches the alveolar ridge (or maybe
SPANISH LATERALS the upper teeth)
Sounds like this with English lateral only
airflow along the incluides /l/. Spanish
sides of the tongue laterals includes /l/
are called lateral and /ʎ/

67. /l/ PHONEMIC Spanish variants English allophones
AND PHONETIC •[l] voiced, apico- are:
FEATURES alveolar , oral, lateral •[l] voiced, apico-
• English and spanish •[˛l] voiceless, apico- alveolar , oral, lateral
have the /l/ sound alveolar , oral, lateral •[˛l] voiceless, apico-
which is voiced, apico- •[ l̪ ] ] voiced, apico- alveolar , oral, lateral
alveolar , oral, lateral
• English has more
dental , oral, lateral, •[-ɫ] voiced, dorso-
which occurs before a velar, oral, dark, lateral
allophones than dental sound /t-d/
spanish •[-˛ɫ] voiced, dorso-
velar, oral, dark, lateral,
syllabic, which occurs
in final-word position

68. THE PHONEMIC /ʎ/
The /ʎ/ does not exist in the english e.g. <llama>
language, english speakers /ˈllama/ or/ˈyama/
occasionally pronunce /l/ for /ʎ/ or
The correc is /ˈʎama/
virtually use the “yeismo”
Which consists of the loss of
the traditional palatal lataral
The ye{ismo is a distinctive The term ye{ismo comes
phoneme writen <ll>, and its
feature of many dialects of from the Spanish name of
merger into phoneme
the Spanish language. the letter y(i griega or ye)
written /y/ usually realized
as a palatal fricative

69. /ʎ/ PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC
FEATURES
The /ʎ/ sound belong particulary
to spanish. It is voiced, fronto-
palatal, oral, lateral.
In Ecuador and some other countries of
Latin America some variants many happen:
[ʎ] voiced, fronto-palatal, oral, lateral
[y] voiced, fronto-palatal, oral,
groove, frcative
These may happen in free variation

70. The /ɹ/sound of
english is called
a retroflex
The english R-
sound certainly
count as an apico- Retroflex
CONTRAST OF
postalveolar and sounds are
ENGLISH AND
has a legitimate made with the
SPANISH R-
claim on the tongue tip
SOUNDS
symbol even curled back
without a retracted
diacritic.
Yetthe symbol for
it appears in the
IPA chart in the
dental-alveolar-
palatalveolar
mega-column

71. CONTRASTIVE R-SOUNDS CHART
ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATION
Apico Apico Apico
post alveolar alveolar
alveolar
english /ɹ/ [ɾ] - oral
spanish - /ɾ/ /r/ oral
retroflex flap trill
vd vd vd
voicing

72. R-PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC FEATURES
Despite the fact we ENGLISH, it /ɹ/ is voiced,
SPAINISH /ɾ/ is
may refer to r-sounds apico
voiced,apico-
postalveolar,oral,approxi
in both languages, alveolar,oral,flap or tap.it
mant,reflex and it has the
Spanish and English has the following
following possibilities: [ɹ]
use different variants: [ɾ] voiced,apico-
voiced, apico-
phonological symbols alveolar,oral,flap;[ŗ]
postalveolar,oral,retroflex
which implies voiceless, apico-
, semiconsonant,[ɹ]
different manners of alveolar,oral,flap; [ŗ]
voiceless, apico-
producing them in voiced, apico-
postalveolar,oral,retroflex
spanish and english dental.oral.fap.
.

73. SPANISH: /ɾ/ ENGLISH: /ɹ/
Pretty Kitty
recia la rajada Creighton had a
rueda, ruega cotton batten cat.
rugiendo rudamente The cotton batten
TONGUE cat was bitten by a
rauda: rauda ruega
TWISTERS rat. The kitten that
rugiendo rudamente
was bitten had a
la rajada rueda.
button for an eye,
Rueda rauda, recia and biting off the
rueda, rauda button made the
recialmente rueda! cotton batten fly.

74. The /r/ sound is
voiced,apico- REMINDER: American
alveolar.oral.trill. It English is considered an
occurs in spanish with “R-fulldialect” since/ɹ/
the following variants:[r] is pronounced inall
voiced,apico-veolar. positions. The “r-less
/r/ PHONEMIC
Oral,trill;[r] dialects” drop the /ɹ/
AND PHONETIC
FEATURES voicedapico- in final-syllable
alveolar.oral.fricative. position and the /ə/
resonant,which is takes its place
mostly uttered in the <fierce>. /·fiyɹs /,
sierra region of our /·fiyəs/
country.

75. TONGUE
TWISTERS SPANISH: /r/
Guerra tenia una parra, y parra
tenía una parra, y la perra de Parra
mordió a la parra de Guerra:-
dígame usted, señor Guerra ¿Por
qué le a pagado con la porra a la
parra ?- porque si la parra de Parra
no hubiese mordido a `la parra de
Guerra, Guerra no le hubiese
pagado con la porra a la perra.

76. It is possible to have
more than aone
constriction gesture, English and spanish
CONTRAS OF ENGLISH
that ia, it is possible approximants
AND SPANISH (semiconsonants)
to narrow the vocal
APPROXIMANTS include /w/ and /y/
trac at two or more
places at the same
time.
The common
secondary articulation Eg. /w/ :a simultaneous
are: * labialization, a dorso-velar
simultaneous [w]. appoximant and
bilabial appoximant (or
*palatalization, a
lip rounding).
simultaneous [j]

77. CONTRASTIVE APPROXIMANT SOUNDS
ARTICULATOR AND POINT OF ARTICULATIO
N
Bilabial Fronto
dorsovelar palatal
english /w/ /y/ oral
spanish /w/ /y/ oral
aproximant
vd vd
Voicing

78. In spanish, there following variants spacially as
The /w/ approximant sound part of a diphong: [w-] voiced, bilabial-
occurs in both languages. It is dorso-velar,oral semiconsonant; [-u]
voiced, bilavial-dorso-velar, voiced, bilabial-dorso-velar.oral semi
oral, appoximant. vowel :[w]voiced,bilabial-dorso-velar,oral
semiconsonant.[g] color.
[w-] voiced.bilabial-
English as well as in spanish, dorso-velar.
the following allophones are
Oral,semiconsonat; [-u]
part of diphongs or glided
sounds: voiced, bilabial-dorso-
velar, oral, semivowel.
/W/ PHONEMIC AND
PHONETIC
FEATURES

79. /y/ PHONEMIC
AND PHONETIC
FEATURES
Although both languages have /y/
phoneme, voiced, fronto-palatal, oral,
appoximant. It differes i the number of
allophones
In spanish: they are [y-]voiced,fronto-
palatal.oral, semiconsonant,[-i]
voiced,fronto-palatal.oral,
semivowel.
In spanish: the [y-] is voiced, fronto-
palatal, oral fricative and happens in
initial position of syllable; the [j] is
voiced fronto- palatal oral.

80. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN
CONNECTED SPEECH
The phonetic processes in connected
speech have to do with the changes in
pronunciaion that ocur within and
between words due to juxtaposition with
neighboring sounds
Why teaching the different proceses which
occur in connected speesc? Because learners
of foreign languages try to pronounce each
single word so clrearly that they fail to blend
words this cause the languege to be
chopped.
Some rules concerning connected speech are
common to both spanish and english even though
few other heppen only in one of these two
languages due to their syntactic, morphlogical,
and phonological structure natura.