Unit 4: Monera, Protoctist, Fungi and Plants

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Mónica

Monera, Protoctist, Fungi and Plants

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UNIT 4: MONERA, PROTOCTISTS, FUNGI AND PLANTS

THE MONERA KINGDOM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vibrio

THE PROTOCTIST KINGDOM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

ACTIVITIES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

THE FUNGI KINGDOM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PARTS OF A FUNGI 1- Cap 2- Stalk 3- Volva 4-Hyphae-Mycelium Yeast Athlete foot

ACTIVITIES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

THE PLANT KINGDOM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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1. KINGDOM MONERA Unicellular and Prokaryotic. True nucleus is absent. Monerans are mainly Bacterias. Mostly have a rigid cell wall. Microscopic organisms. Have various modes of nutrition, could be Autotrophic(make their own food)or Heterotrophic(depending on other organisms for food). Have two Major groups:- 1. Eubacteria(true bacteria).It includes bacteria and cynobacteia. 2.Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria). 2.KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular and Eukaryotic. True nucleus is Present. Protista are mainly Protozoans. Microscopic organisms. Have various modes of nutrition, could be Autotrophic(make their own food) or Hetetopic(depending on other organisms for food). 3.KINGDOM FUNGI Mainly have Multicellular body with the exception of yeast which is unicellular fungi. True nucleus is Present. Their cell wall is made up of chitin ( a tough complex sugar ). Their body is in the form of interwoven mass of fine thread like structures called Mycelium (a bunch of fine thread structures are called Mycelium). The particular or individual thread structure is called Hyphae. They have saprophytic nutrition i.e. live on the dead and decaying matter. Hence they are also called Saprophytes. 4.KINGDOM PLANTAE Eukaryotic. Multicellular. Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs. Autotrophic (photosynthesis). Cells have wall made of cellulose. Have a complex life cycle with a sexually reproducing adult stage and an asexually reproducing adult stage. 5.KINGDOM ANIMALIA Eukaryotic. Multicellular . Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs. Heterotrophic; most have a gut (digestive system). Cells lack cell walls. Most are motile. Have a nervous system. Embryo has a stage at which it is a hollow ball of cells (the blastula). VIRUS Quite small, 20-300 nm. Obligate intracellular parasite. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. Non living structures. Contain a protein coat called the capsid. Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA. Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell. A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material (DNA) and protein that can invade living cells. VIROIDS Mostly plant pathogens. Consists solely of small single- stranded circular RNA molecule having 250-370 nucleotides long. The RNA of a viriod doesn’t encode any gene products; so they can’t replicate themselves. No protein coat. A VIROID is a… VIR(virus)OID(like) particle. Are infectious particles. Cause certain plant and human diseases. Consists only of Nucleic Acid (RNA) .

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 16 Protists & Fungi 16.6 General Biology of Protists There are four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya. Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia All organisms in Eukarya have organelles including a nucleus. Protists vary in size from microscopic to macroscopic (very large) Most protists are unicellular, but they are very complex Most organisms in Protista reproduce by asexual reproduction 17-2 Organizing Organisms Organisms can be categorized by how they obtain nutrients Heterotrophs – organisms that consume food and digest it inside their bodies. Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis. While we think of plants as doing photosynthesis, some protists and some bacteria can also do photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria make a significant amount of atmospheric oxygen. Decomposers – digest food outside their body and absorb the nutrients across the cell wall. 17-3 Types of Protists Protists can be separated into 3 categories based on their nutrition Protozoa consume food (heterotrophs) and digest it internally. Also they typically can move. Algae that can do photosynthesis (autotrophs). Underscoring the debate over how to categorize protists, some sources list algae as plants, but your book lists them as protists. Slime molds that absorb nutrients that were digested outside their body. 17-4 Protozoa Amoeba proteus Pseudopods - extensions that form when cytoplasm goes in a particular direction Feed by phagocytosis, surrounding prey with pseudopods and digesting it Paramecium caudatum The most structurally complex and specialized of all protozoans The majority are free-living, some are parasitic 17-5 Green algae are ancestral to plants Green algae (Approximately 7,500 species) Not always green Inhabit a variety of environments Oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, bark of trees, backs of turtles Phytoplankton are microscopic autotrophs that live in water. They produce about half of the oxygen available in the atmosphere and form the basis of Algae can form colonies of loosely organized independent cells or end-to-end chains of cells that form filaments. 17-6 Algae Volvox, a colonial green alga A Volvox colony is a hollow sphere with thousands of cells in a single layer on the outside The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm Smaller daughter colonies are contained within the ball Spirogyra, multicellular, filamentous algae Forms long filaments of cells end-to-end Can reproduce asexually and sexually Has a chloroplast that performs photosynthesis Stores glucose in a pyrenoid 17-7 16.8 A Fungus Is Not a Plant Fungi (domain Eukarya) Fungi are heterotrophs that release digestive enzymes into the external environment and digest their food outside the body, then absorb nutrients across their cell walls. They play an important role as decomposers. Fungal cells are different from plant c.

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1) Strategies and structures: In Protozoans the method of movement is determined by the type of organism and the surrounding environment. Protozoans mainly move by cell extension, flagella or pseudopodia and cilia, the movement as per the presence of structure can be classified as ciliary, flagellar and amoeboid movement. Ciliates : Ciliates form the largest group of protozoa. These organisms vary in size and often live in watery environments, including oceans, marshes, bays and streams. Ciliates move using tiny cilia, which are hair-like strands that act as sensors and tiny limbs. Flagella are longer and less numerous that cilia, they use their long tail like flagella to move. Amoebas : In these two cytoskeleton get polymerized . This creates a vacancy and cytoplasmice material flow to cover the vacancy created. When amoeba moves cytoplasm moves to the arm like extension called pseudopodium. This pseudopodium extends and enlarge and hence this push the animal body towards that respective direction. 2) A) Flagellates can live as single cells, in colonies, or as parasites. Commonly live in niche\'s of water. They conduct photosynthesis and have a cell wall. They contain flagella for propulsion or to create a current to bring in food. They can inhabit the reproductive tract, alimentary canal, tissue sites and also the blood stream, lymph vessels and cerebrospinal canal. B) Pseudopods : Also called as false feet , are projections that can appear and disappear from the organism\'s body. These are used for movement and to engulf prey and digest them using enzymes. C) Apicomplexa : Unicellular and spore forming, most of them possess a unique form of organelle that comprises a type of plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure. They have apicoplast(non photosynthetic plastid) , mitochondria and nuclear genomes. Lack of cilia, sexual reproduction, use micropores for feeding, and the production of oocysts containing sporozoites as the infective form. They have unique gliding capability which enables them to cross through tissues and enter and leave their host cells. This gliding ability is made possible by the use of adhesions and small static myosin motors. 3) Key characteristics of fungi : Fungi are unicellular or multicellular. Most of the fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae They are haploid. Fungus are heterotrophs (they can obtain nutrients by absorption) . They absorb food and secrete enzymes to digest complex molecules Propogate by spores Asexual or sexual reproduction They can be multinucleated Fungi are achlorophyllous (lack of cholorphyll pigment) Both Fungi and protists belong to same kingdom but fungi is different from protist, protists are able to live in an anaerobic environment without oxygen but fungi need aerobic respiration to survive. Protists are unicellular but fungi are multicellular. Protists are autotrophic (make their own energy) and heterotrophic (rely on outside source to get energy), but fungi a.

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