Presentation at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, 2012-02-29

1. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making
Scientific Information Systems Social
Presentation at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Christoph Lange
University of Bremen, Germany
2012-02-29
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 1

2. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
‘Hello, World!’
2011: Ph.D. from Jacobs University Bremen
(with Michael Kohlhase)
Enabling Collaboration
on Semiformal Mathematical Knowledge
by Semantic Web Integration
from 2011: Postdoctoral researcher at the
University of Bremen
(with John Bateman, Till Mossakowski)
Ontology Integration and Interoperability
(OntoIOp) – Distributed Ontology Language
(DOL) ↝ ISO 17347
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 2

3. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
The Semantic Web Vision
vision of Berners-Lee, Hendler and
Lassila 2001:
Machines understand the data on
the Web
. . . to assist users with
knowledge-related tasks.
low-profile artificial intelligence:
Don’t try to automatically
understand documents, . . .
. . . but enable authors and
applications to publish
structured data.
(Berners-Lee, Hendler and
now going mainstream Lassila 2001)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 3

4. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
The schema.org Search Vocabulary
initiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)
annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .
creative works organizations places
events persons products
Example (Movie description)
Avatar
Director: James Cameron (born August 16, 1954)
Science fiction
Trailer
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

5. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
The schema.org Search Vocabulary
initiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)
annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .
creative works organizations places
events persons products
Example (Movie description)
<div class="movie">
<h1>Avatar</h1>
<div class="director">
Director: James Cameron
(born August 16, 1954)
</div>
<span class="genre">Science fiction</span>
<a href="../movies/avatar-theatrical-trailer.html"
Trailer</a>
</div>
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

6. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
The schema.org Search Vocabulary
initiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)
annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .
creative works organizations places
events persons products
Example (Movie description)
<div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Movie">
<h1 itemprop="name">Avatar</h1>
<div itemprop="director" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
Director: <span itemprop="name">James Cameron</span>
(born <span itemprop="birthDate">August 16, 1954</span>)
</div>
<span itemprop="genre">Science fiction</span>
<a href="../movies/avatar-theatrical-trailer.html"
itemprop="trailer">Trailer</a>
</div>
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

7. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
The schema.org Search Vocabulary
initiative of search engine operators (Bing, Google, etc.)
annotation vocabulary for structuring web pages; covers . . .
creative works organizations places
events persons products
Example (Movie description)
Movie Avatar Person
e
pe
ty
m
na ty
p
e
director name
bi James Cameron
ge rth
nr Da
e
r
te
ile
tra
../movies/. . . Science fiction August 16, 1954
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 4

8. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Social Data with schema.org
review or rating of a creative work, organization or product
(written by a person)
social network of a person:
person follows/knows person
person works for person, is colleague of person
person has parents/siblings/spouse/children/other relatives
Example (Reviews of a movie)
ratingValue
g
atin 6
ewR
revi
author name
Movie Pünktchen
type ews
revi type
knows
e revi Person
nam ews type
author
Avatar name Anton
revi
ewR
atin 8.5
g
ratingValue
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 5

9. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
What Search Engines make out of schema.org
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 6

10. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Facebook’s Open Graph Protocol
Let people ‘like’ your website without maintaining a Facebook page
1 Annotate it with Open Graph metadata
2 Integrate your site into Facebook’s ‘social graph’
<html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#"
xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml">
<meta property="og:image"
content="http://www.malcolmcoles.co.uk/blog/..."/>
<meta property="og:site_name"
content="Malcolm Coles&#39;s blog"/>
<meta property="fb:admins" content="522100824"/>
<meta property="og:title"
content="Malcolm Coles: SEO, Twitter and ..."/>
<meta property="og:type" content="blog"/>
<meta property="og:url"
content="http://www.malcolmcoles.co.uk/blog/"/>
<meta property="og:description"
content="The blog of Malcolm Coles. ..."/>
...
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 7

11. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Science is Social – Collaboration in Mathematics
History of collaboration
in the small: Hardy/Littlewood
in the large: hundreds of
mathematicians classifying the finite
simple groups
‘industrialization’ of research
Utilizing the Social Web
research blogs: Baez, Gowers, Tao
Polymath: collaborative proofs
Collaboration = creation,
formalization, organization, Polymath wiki/blog: P ≠ NP proof
understanding, reuse, application
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 8

12. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Discourse in Mathematics
Proofs and Refutations (Lakatos 1976):
1 initial theorem, initial proof sketch
2 problem in the proof identified (only covers a specific case);
counter-example
3 rework proof, or even restate theorem
Peer review (not just in mathematics)
1 read paper
‘What does this mean?’
(missing background knowledge, unfamiliar notation)
‘How does this work?’
‘What is this good for?’
look up background information in cited publications
2 verify claims
3 point out problems with the paper and its formal concepts
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 9

13. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
An Integrated Representation of
Mathematical Knowledge and Discourse
Theorem …… Example
SIOC
argumentation subClassOf
module (partly shown) Position
agrees_with/ agrees_with/
disagrees_with disagrees_with
Domain-specific Math. Know-
argumentation
supported_by ledge Item
classes (partly shown)
subClassOf
OMDoc ontology
Ontology
Decision Entity
decides decides
resolves_into
Issue Idea
proposes_solution_for
subClassOf subClassOf
Wrong Inappropriate Incomprehensible Provide Keep as Delete
for Domain Example Bad Example
(Lange, Hastrup and Corlosquet 2008)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 10

14. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki
1 Is there an unresolved issue
that is considered legitimate?
2 If solutions have been
suggested, let the
highest-ranked suggestion
win.
(Lange 2011)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 11

15. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki
(Lange 2011)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 11

16. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Problem Solving in a Semantic Wiki
↓
(Lange 2011)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 11

17. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Usability Evaluation of the Wiki Prototype
Is the system usable?
learnable?
effective?
useful?
satisfying to use?
Can we effectively support maintenance workflows?
Quick local fixing of minor errors
(in text, formalization, or presentation)
Peer review, and discussing about problems
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 12

18. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Feedback Statements from Test Users
positive
statement
successful 93
action
95 understood
concept
36
18 not understood concept
18 unexpected bug
negative 61
statement 43
dissatisfaction
52 44
51
confusion/uncertainty not understood
expectation what to do
not met
Understanding only seems marginal, but had a high impact on
successfully accomplishing tasks! (Lange 2011)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 13

19. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Results, Interpretation, and Consequences
Particular results about argumentation model and user interface:
generally successful:
1 associate new discussion post
with the knowledge item in question
2 model covers most commonly used argumentation primitives
3 user interface informs about available primitives
4 effectively supports user in choosing the right one
missed ‘question’ post type
requested better documentation of available argumentation
primitives and how to use them
Conclusion
Make the user interface semantically transparent (for learnability)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 14

20. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Self-explaining Publications
and Assistive Services
(David, Kohlhase, Lange, Rabe, Zhiltsov and Zholudev 2010)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 15

21. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Planetary: e-Math on the Web 3.0
Planetary: math-enabled social semantic web information portal
(http://trac.mathweb.org/planetary/; Kohlhase, Corneli, David,
Ginev, Jucovschi, Kohlhase, Lange, Matican, Mirea and
Zholudev 2011, Elsevier Executable Paper Challenge finalist)
based on Drupal 7 Content Management System
contributing legacy
mathematical knowledge
collections to the Web of
Data
PlanetMath
encyclopedia
arXiv.org pre-prints
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 16

22. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
Self-explaining UIs with System Ontologies
System ontologies in Planetary: structural ontologies, workflow
ontologies, argumentation ontology
Customizable in the environment (= mathematical documents)
‘The ontology is the API’
(needs rich ontology language, e.g. DOL)
Self-explaining user interface via ontology documentation
Theorem …… Example
hasDiscussion ` SIOC
forum1 definition argumentation subClassOf
(IkeWiki ontology) module (partly shown) Position
agrees_with/ agrees_with/
exemplifies disagrees_with disagrees_with
post1: Issue Domain-specific Math. Know-
(UnclearWh.Useful) example argumentation ledge Item
classes (partly shown) supported_by
has_reply elaborates_on
subClassOf
post2: Elaboration OMDoc ontology
Ontology
has_container agrees_with Decision Entity
post3: Position resolvesInto
decides decides
proposes_
solution_for knowledge resolves_into
post4: Idea items
(ProvideExample) (OMDoc ontology) Issue Idea
proposes_solution_for
supports on wiki pages subClassOf subClassOf
decides
post5: Evaluation
Wrong Inappropriate Incomprehensible Provide Keep as Delete
agrees_with for Domain Example Bad Example
post6: Position
post7: Decision supported_by
argumentative
physical structure structure
(SIOC Core) discussion page (SIOC Arg.)
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 17

23. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
References I
Berners-Lee, Tim, James Hendler and Ora Lassila (2001). ‘The
Semantic Web. A new form of Web content that is meaningful to
computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities’. In:
Scientific American 284.
David, Catalin, Michael Kohlhase, Christoph Lange, Florian Rabe,
Nikita Zhiltsov and Vyacheslav Zholudev (2010). ‘Publishing Math
Lecture Notes as Linked Data’. In: The Semantic Web: Research and
Applications (Part II). 7th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC)
(Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, 30th May–3rd June 2010). Ed. by
Lora Aroyo, Grigoris Antoniou, Eero Hyvönen, Annette ten Teije,
Heiner Stuckenschmidt, Liliana Cabral and Tania Tudorache. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science 6089. Springer Verlag, pp. 370–375.
arXiv:1004.3390v1 [cs.DL].
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 18

24. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
References II
Kohlhase, Michael, Joe Corneli, Catalin David, Deyan Ginev,
Constantin Jucovschi, Andrea Kohlhase, Christoph Lange,
Bogdan Matican, Stefan Mirea and Vyacheslav Zholudev (2011). ‘The
Planetary System: Web 3.0 & Active Documents for STEM’. In:
Procedia Computer Science 4: Special issue: Proceedings of the
International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS). Ed. by
Mitsuhisa Sato, Satoshi Matsuoka, Peter M. Sloot, G. Dick van Albada
and Jack Dongarra. Finalist at the Executable Papers Challenge,
pp. 598–607. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.063. url:
https://svn.mathweb.org/repos/planetary/doc/epc1
1/paper.pdf.
Lakatos, Imre (1976). Proofs and Refutations. The Logic of
Mathematical Discovery. Cambridge University Press.
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 19

25. Introduction Social Semantic Web Collaborative Problem Solving Self-explaining and Adaptive Systems
References III
Lange, Christoph (2011). Enabling Collaboration on Semiformal
Mathematical Knowledge by Semantic Web Integration. Studies on
the Semantic Web 11. Heidelberg and Amsterdam: AKA Verlag and
IOS Press. isbn: 978-1-60750-840-3.
Lange, Christoph, Tuukka Hastrup and Stéphane Corlosquet (Oct.
2008). ‘Arguing on Issues with Mathematical Knowledge Items in a
Semantic Wiki’. In: Wissens- und Erfahrungsmanagement LWA
(Lernen, Wissensentdeckung und Adaptivität) Conference Proceedings.
Ed. by Joachim Baumeister and Martin Atzmüller. Vol. 448.
Christoph Lange Semantic Web Technology: The Key to Making Scientific Information Systems Social 2012-02-29 20