ELF is increasingly being recognized as a learning objective in educational standards for secondary schools and teacher education (e.g. in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany). ELF pedagogy thus seems to be gaining ground in traditionally “hostile” EFL territory. At the same time, however, EFL professionals on all levels of expertise are still harbouring the suspicion that teaching ELF is all about "teaching incorrect English". Much of the persistent antagonism between ELF and EFL is due to misunderstandings based on hidden differences regarding focal interests and key conceptualizations both in research and pedagogy. In my presentation, I explore ways in which the rift between ELF and EFL can be bridged to provide a common ground for integrated pedagogical solutions. Guidance and orientation is provided by an ensemble of communicative-constructivist principles and assumptions concerning the communicative nature of language competence, language acquisition as creative construction, the status of Standard English as a teaching/learning goal, and the role of speaker satisfaction for communicative success (Kohn 2011, 2014). Against this backdrop, I sketch out a pedagogical approach geared to the requirements and purposes of ELF communication. Learning objectives include awareness raising as well as knowledge and skills development for comprehension, production, and interaction. Special attention is given to enabling learners to trust and explore their own non-native speaker creativity (Kohn 2014). Learning tasks and activities suitable for ELF practice and development are described and discussed with reference to online resources and environments available from various European projects. This includes online BACKBONE interviews with ELF speakers from different European countries as well as TILA lingua franca conversations in videoconference and virtual world settings.
Kohn, K. (2011). English as a lingua franca and the Standard English misunderstanding". In: A. De Houwer & A. Wilton (eds.). English in Europe Today. Sociocultural and Educational Perspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Kohn, K. (2014). “A pedagogical space for ELF in the English classroom”. In: Y. Bayyurt & S. Akcan (eds.). Current perspectives on pedagogy for ELF. De Gruyter Mouton.
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Kohn, Teaching towards ELF competence in the English classroom, ELF 7 Athens, 4 6 Sept 2014
1. Teaching towards ELF competence in the English classroom Colloquium: “ELF-aware classroom practices and teaching materials: issues and new perspectives in ELT”
Kurt Kohn Steinbeis-Transferzentrum Sprachlernmedien www.sprachlernmedien.de kurt.kohn@uni-tuebingen.de ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
This presentation uses outcomes from the EU-funded projects BACKBONE, EVIVA and TILA. It reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Download on slideshare
2. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Conceptual clarifications
From „teaching ELF“ to „teaching ELF communication“
Acceptance of non-native speakers‘ creativity
Attention to speaker satisfaction as a criterion for success
Adoption of an enlightened/weak SE orientation
Language learning as individual and social construction
[Kohn 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014; Grazzi 2013]
[Widdoson 2003: 49; Seidlhofer/Widdowson 2009]
[Kohn 2014; also Seidlhofer 2011:81]
[Kohn 2013]
3. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Key dimensions
Overall objective:
to enable speakers/learners to develop and use their English to communicate successfully under conditions of ELF communication
with a focus on spoken (and written) communication Pedagogical competence dimensions
Awareness raising
Comprehension
Production
Communication strategies
Non-native speaker creativity
4. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Awareness raising
To make speakers/learners attentive to
lingua franca manifestations of English they might encounter in authentic ELF communication
the conditions and requirements of successful ELF communication
Essential for “third space” negotiation in contact situations between speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds (Kramsch 2009)
Helps foster learners’ linguistic and cultural tolerance – both for others and for themselves
ELF-aware tasks
Exploration of pedagogically relevant manifestations of genuine ELF communication
focus on language, communication (styles), cultural differences
assessment regarding efficiency and satisfaction
Reflective follow-up, e.g. journal (Moodle), in pairs (forum), in class
“Learning about”: characteristics and possibilities of ELF communication, challenges and strategies
5. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Comprehension
To help speakers/learners develop ELF-aware comprehension skills for coping with e.g.
unfamiliar pronunciation
unclear meanings
weak coherence
Essential for “third space” negotiation
ELF-aware tasks
Comprehension practice with pedagogically selected manifestations of genuine ELF communication
Identification and analysis of comprehension problems (e.g. lack of accommodation)
Development of comprehension strategies (e.g. asking for clarification)
Reflective follow-up, e.g. journal (Moodle), in pairs (forum), in class
“Learning about”: understanding comprehension, challenges and strategies
6. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Production
To help speakers/learners develop ELF-aware production skills
ELF-aware re-set of requirements of performance: fluency over correctness (Kohn 2001)
ELF communication specific extension of linguistic repertoire, e.g. politeness, speech act functions, topic and conversation management, problems and repairs (> “pragmatic fluency”, House 2002: 262ff; > “express-ability”, Albl-Mikasa 2013)
Relevant for collaborative “third space” negotiation
ELF-aware tasks
Participation in authentic ELF interactions with a focus on communicative form and function and a weak SE orientation
production practice > fluency and identification and analysis of problems
focus on linguistic means of expression relevant for (intercultural) ELF communication
opportunities for (collaborative) output processing > languaging
Reflective follow-up, e.g. journal (Moodle), in pairs (forum), in class
“Learning about”: understanding production, challenges and strategies
7. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Communication strategies
To help speakers/learners develop ELF-aware communication strategies
comprehension, production, interaction
“signaling and preventing misunderstandings” (Mauranen 2006)
Relevant for “third space” construction > accommodation, meaning negotiation, letting- it-pass
These strategic processes are anchored in ordinary communicative competence and behaviour (> adaptation to ELF communication)
ELF-aware tasks
Participation in authentic ELF communication with a focus on communicative and communal objectives and how they can be achieved
Identification and analysis of problems and solutions
Reflective follow-up, e.g. journal (Moodle), in pairs (forum), in class
“Learning about”: understanding communication, challenges and strategies
8. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Teaching towards ELF competence Non-native speaker creativity
To help speakers/learners explore and trust their own non-native creativity
a necessary condition for developing a non-native speaker feeling of agency and ownership, self-confidence and satisfaction
Creative appropriation is a natural and constitutive element of language acquisition and development (> Widdowson 2003:43)
Necessary part of “third space” negotiation
ELF-aware tasks
Adoption of a (social constructivist) weak Standard English orientation
Re-set of requirements of performance to include speaker satisfaction (Kohn 2014)
Creative exploration and extension of one’ own linguistic resources
Critical sensitivity development through collaborative assessment
Reflective follow-up, e.g. journal (Moodle), in pairs (forum), in class
“Learning about”: understanding language acquisition/development, challenges and strategies
9. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Input from EU projects TELF: English as a lingua franca discussions
TELF: small group discussions about a critical incident topic among non-native (and native) speakers of English from diverse linguistic & cultural backgrounds
36 discussions (ca. 100,000 words) with 160 speakers from 30 different linguistic backgrounds
transcripts; corpus query support
speaker profiles and retrospective interviews
demo access; on request for educational purposes ELF-aware tasks
listening for ELF comprehension with or without transcript support
follow-up activities, e.g. summary/account, discussion, over to you
identification & analysis of characteristics, challenges and strategies of conversations
assessment regarding effectiveness, satisfaction
Awareness raising
Com prehension
Production
Communication strategies
NNS creativity
10. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Input from EU projects BACKBONE: Interview corpora
Backbone: Pedagogic Corpora for Content and Language Integrated Learning
video interviews („natural narratives“) in 6 European languages with pedagogical annotation and transcripts
50 video interviews ELF speakers from France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Turkey
transcripts; corpus query support
available as open educational resource (OER) ELF-aware tasks
(comparative) listening for ELF comprehension with or without transcript support
follow-up activities, e.g. summary/account, discussion
identification & analysis of characteristics, challenges and strategies of „natural narratives“
assessment regarding effectiveness, satisfaction
Awareness raising
Com prehension
Production
Communication strategies
NNS creativity
11. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Input from EU projects
PELLIC: Practice Enterprise
Awareness raising
Com prehension
Production
Communication strategies
NNS creativity
PELLIC: Practice Enterprise for Language Learning and Intercultural communication
virtual learning environment (VLE) based on Moodle and Google Apps
students in different European countries set up Practice Enterprise companies to engage in business interactions in English
authentic tasks from different areas of business life, e.g. starting a company, advertising, buying and selling, trade fairs and exhibitions ELF-aware tasks
mainly written ELF interactions in business contexts
identification & analysis of characteristics, challenges and strategies of ELF communication
creative explorations and extension of own linguistic resources
assessment regarding effectiveness and satisfaction
12. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
Input from EU projects TILA: intercultural telecollaboration
Awareness raising
Com prehension
Production
Communication strategies
NNS
creativity
TILA: Telecollaboration for Intercultural Language Acquisition
the project explores the use of telecollaboration for intercultural foreign language learning in secondary schools
Blended Learning ensembles: F2F/classroom, forum, blog, chat, VC, 3D virtual worlds
focus: synchronous oral communication in videoconf (BigBlueButton) and virtual worlds (OpenSim)
tandem and lingua franca constellations ELF-aware tasks
spoken (& written) lingua franca interactions in pairs
follow-up activities, e.g. summary, discussion
identification & analysis of characteristics, challenges and strategies of communication
creative explorations & extension of own linguistic resources
assessment regarding effectiveness and satisfaction
13. ELF 7, 4-6 September 2014, The American College of Greece, Athens
References
Albl-Mikasa, M. (2013). Express-ability in ELF communication. JELF 2/1. Grazzi, E. (2013). The Sociocultural Dimension of ELF in the English Classroom. Rom: Anicia. House, J. (2002). Pragmatic competence in lingua franca English". In: Knapp, K. & Ch. Meierkord (eds.). Lingua Franca Communication. Frankfurt (Main): Peter Lang, 245-267. Kohn, K. (2007). Englisch als globale Lingua Franca. Eine Herausforderung für die Schule. In Anstatt (Hrsg.) (2007). Mehrsprachigkeit bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. Tübingen: Narr, 207-222. Kohn, K. (2011). ELF and the Standard English misunderstanding. In De Houwer & Wilton (eds.). English in Europe Today. Sociocultural and Educational Perspectives. John Benjamins, 72-94. Kohn, K. (2012). ‘My English’ - Second Language Learning as Individual and Social Construction. TESOL Convention Philadelphia, 28-31 March 2012 [http://bit.ly/1uAQDEF] Kohn, K. (2014). A pedagogical space for ELF in the English classroom. In Bayyurt and Akcan (eds.). Current Perspectives on Pedagogy for ELF. De Gruyter Mouton. Kramsch, C. (2009). Third culture and language education. In: V. Cook (ed.). Language Teaching and Learning. Continuum, 233- 254. Mauranen, A. (2006). Signaling and preventing misunderstanding in English as lingua franca communication. Int’l. J. Soc. Lang. 177, 123–150. Mauranen, A. 2012) Exploring ELF. Academic English Shaped by Non-native Speakers. CUP. Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. OUP. Seidlhofer, B. & H. Widdowson (2009). Conformity and creativity in ELF and learner English. In Albl-Mikasa et al. (eds.). Dimensions of Second Language Research. Tübingen: Narr, 93-107. Widdowson, H. (2003). Defining Issues in English Language Teaching. Oxford. OUP [See Kohn publications on https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/KurtKohn]