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Topic 9

Infection prevention and control

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
1
Learning objectives
 Demonstrate the devastating effects of inadequate
infection prevention & control in health-care settings

 Show students how they as individual members of the
health-care team can help minimize the risks of
contamination & infection to improve patient safety

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
2
Knowledge requirements

 The extent of the problem
 The main causes and types of HCAI
 The modes of infection transmission in health-care
settings

 The main principles and methods for HCAI prevention
and control

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
3
Performance requirements (1)









Apply standard precautions
Adhere to other infection prevention and control measures as
required
Apply principles of asepsis
Be immunized against hepatitis B

Use and dispose of protective clothing and equipment
appropriately
Know what to do if exposed to blood or other bodily fluids

Use and dispose of sharps properly
Act as a role model for other health-care staff
Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
4
Performance requirements (2)
 Educate community members as to how they can help to
prevent infections

 Encourage others to use standard precautions to prevent
and control HCAI

 Understand the potential social, economic and emotional
burden of HCAI on patients, and act accordingly

 Be able to discuss HCAI with patients and relatives with
sensitivity and clarity

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
5
What is the urgency?
 Can no longer rely on antibiotics
 Increased rates of nosocomial infections
 Infected patients:
• Stay longer in hospital
•
•
•

Die
Are treated with more toxic and less effective drugs
Are prone to surgical site infections

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
6
Global response: campaigns to decrease
infection rates

 WHO “SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands” campaign
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention campaign to
prevent antimicrobial resistance in health-care settings

 Institute for Healthcare Improvement “5 million lives”
campaign

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
7
Main causes of infection
 Person-to-person via hands of health-care providers,
patients and visitors
 Personal equipment (e.g. stethoscopes, personal
digital assistants) and clothing
 Airborne transmission
 Rare common-source outbreaks

 Environmental contamination
 Device contamination ( e.g. catheters)
 Hospital staff carriers
Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
8
Main types of infections

 Urinary tract infections usually associated with catheters
 Surgical infections
 Blood stream infections associated with the use of an
intravascular device

 Pneumonia associated with ventilators
 Other sites
Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
9
Main types of infections

Source: Burke J Infection control-a problem for patient safety New Eng Journal of Medicine

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
10
Environmental cleanliness
The environment:
 Visibly clean
 Increased cleaning during outbreaks
 Use hypochlorite and detergents during outbreaks

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
11
Hand hygiene to minimize spread of infection
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

WHO 's ' My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene':
Before Touching a Patient
Before Clean/Aseptic Procedure
After Body Fluid Exposure
Risk
After Touching a Patient
After Touching Patient
Surroundings

Source:http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/background/
5moments/en/index.html

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
12
Personal protective equipment
 Gloves
 Gowns
 Face masks

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
13
Safe disposal of sharps
 Keep handling to a minimum
 Do not recap, bend or break needles after use
 Discard each needle into a sharps' container at the
point of use

 Do not overload a bin if it is full
 Do not leave a sharps' bin in the reach of children

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
14
What students need to do
 Apply standard precautions
 Be immunized against Hepatitis B
 Use personal protection methods
 Know what to do if exposed
 Encourage others to use standard precautions

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
15
Encourage others to participate in
infection control
Students may routinely observe staff who:

 Fail to comply with hand hygiene practices
 Fail to practice infection prevention and control
recommendations

Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
16
Summary







Know the main guidelines in each of the clinical
environments in which you are working
Accept responsibility for minimizing opportunities for
infection transmission
Let staff know if supplies are inadequate or depleted
Educate patients and families/visitors about clean hands and
infection transmission
Ensure patients on precautions have same standard of care
as others:

•
•

Frequency of entering the room
Monitoring vital signs
Patient Safety Curriculum Guide
17

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Psp mpc topic-09

  • 1. Topic 9 Infection prevention and control Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 1
  • 2. Learning objectives  Demonstrate the devastating effects of inadequate infection prevention & control in health-care settings  Show students how they as individual members of the health-care team can help minimize the risks of contamination & infection to improve patient safety Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 2
  • 3. Knowledge requirements  The extent of the problem  The main causes and types of HCAI  The modes of infection transmission in health-care settings  The main principles and methods for HCAI prevention and control Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 3
  • 4. Performance requirements (1)         Apply standard precautions Adhere to other infection prevention and control measures as required Apply principles of asepsis Be immunized against hepatitis B Use and dispose of protective clothing and equipment appropriately Know what to do if exposed to blood or other bodily fluids Use and dispose of sharps properly Act as a role model for other health-care staff Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 4
  • 5. Performance requirements (2)  Educate community members as to how they can help to prevent infections  Encourage others to use standard precautions to prevent and control HCAI  Understand the potential social, economic and emotional burden of HCAI on patients, and act accordingly  Be able to discuss HCAI with patients and relatives with sensitivity and clarity Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 5
  • 6. What is the urgency?  Can no longer rely on antibiotics  Increased rates of nosocomial infections  Infected patients: • Stay longer in hospital • • • Die Are treated with more toxic and less effective drugs Are prone to surgical site infections Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 6
  • 7. Global response: campaigns to decrease infection rates  WHO “SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands” campaign  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance in health-care settings  Institute for Healthcare Improvement “5 million lives” campaign Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 7
  • 8. Main causes of infection  Person-to-person via hands of health-care providers, patients and visitors  Personal equipment (e.g. stethoscopes, personal digital assistants) and clothing  Airborne transmission  Rare common-source outbreaks  Environmental contamination  Device contamination ( e.g. catheters)  Hospital staff carriers Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 8
  • 9. Main types of infections  Urinary tract infections usually associated with catheters  Surgical infections  Blood stream infections associated with the use of an intravascular device  Pneumonia associated with ventilators  Other sites Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 9
  • 10. Main types of infections Source: Burke J Infection control-a problem for patient safety New Eng Journal of Medicine Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 10
  • 11. Environmental cleanliness The environment:  Visibly clean  Increased cleaning during outbreaks  Use hypochlorite and detergents during outbreaks Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 11
  • 12. Hand hygiene to minimize spread of infection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. WHO 's ' My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene': Before Touching a Patient Before Clean/Aseptic Procedure After Body Fluid Exposure Risk After Touching a Patient After Touching Patient Surroundings Source:http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/background/ 5moments/en/index.html Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 12
  • 13. Personal protective equipment  Gloves  Gowns  Face masks Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 13
  • 14. Safe disposal of sharps  Keep handling to a minimum  Do not recap, bend or break needles after use  Discard each needle into a sharps' container at the point of use  Do not overload a bin if it is full  Do not leave a sharps' bin in the reach of children Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 14
  • 15. What students need to do  Apply standard precautions  Be immunized against Hepatitis B  Use personal protection methods  Know what to do if exposed  Encourage others to use standard precautions Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 15
  • 16. Encourage others to participate in infection control Students may routinely observe staff who:  Fail to comply with hand hygiene practices  Fail to practice infection prevention and control recommendations Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 16
  • 17. Summary      Know the main guidelines in each of the clinical environments in which you are working Accept responsibility for minimizing opportunities for infection transmission Let staff know if supplies are inadequate or depleted Educate patients and families/visitors about clean hands and infection transmission Ensure patients on precautions have same standard of care as others: • • Frequency of entering the room Monitoring vital signs Patient Safety Curriculum Guide 17