Here you will get the details of sensor working in body and our main focus in this topic is on energy effeciency

1. Body Area
Networks
Application and challenges
and perspectives in
emerging body area
networks

2. Body Area Networks
Contents
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Introduction to WBAN
WBAN Architecture
WBAN Applications
WBAN Challenges
Objectives
My specific area of research
Major Reasons for signal Attenuations ,Fading and
Distortion
Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC
Layer
References

3. Body Area Networks
What is BAN
• There has been increasing interest from researchers, system
designers, and application developers on a new type of
network architecture
• This architecture is known as Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) or
Body Area Networks (BANs)
• This has been made feasible by novel advances on lightweight,
small-size, ultra-low-power, and intelligent monitoring wearable
sensors
• Sensors continuously monitor human’s physiological activities
and actions, such as health status and motion pattern.

4. Body Area Networks
Introduction of WBAN
A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a radio frequency (RF) based wireless
networking technology
It interconnects tiny nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on or around
a human body.
WBAN is a special kind of network, which is designed and develops for Human
body, to monitor, manage and communicate different vital signs of human
body like temperature, Blood pressure, ECG etc.
These vital signs can be monitored by using different sensor installed on clothes
or on the body or even under the skin.

5. Body Area Networks
Positioning of WBAN

6. Body Area Networks
BAN Requirements

7. Body Area Networks
Architecture of BAN
WBAN Architecture is
of 2 types
WBAN Architecture consists of:
Wireless Sensor
Flat Architecture
Multi-Tier Architecture
Wireless Actuator Node
Wireless Central Unit
Wireless Personal Device
(PD)

8. Body Area Networks
Architecture of BAN (contd.)

9. Body Area Networks
Architecture of BAN (contd.)

10. Body Area Networks
Architecture of BAN (contd.)
Wireless Node : A
device that responds
to and gathers data
on physical
stimuli, processes the
data if necessary and
reports this
information wirelessly.
Wireless Actuator
Node : The patient
has actuators which
act as a drug-delivery
systems. The medicine
can be delivered on
predetermined
moments triggered by
an external source
(i.e. doctor) or
immediately when
sensors notice a
problem.
Wireless Central Unit :
Central Unit is
responsible to
establish
communication
between sensors,
actuators and cellular
phone in wireless
fashion
Wireless Personal
Device : Also known
as Body Control Unit
(BCU), body gateway
or a sink, can be
dedicated unit or in
some
implementations
Personal Digital
Assistant(PDA) or
smartphone can be
used. The main
purpose of this unit is t
collect all the
information attained
by the sensors and
actuators and
communicate to the
user via an external
gateway

11. Body Area Networks
WSN Vs. WBAN

12. Body Area Networks
Applications of WBAN
Medical Treatment &
Diagnosis
• Initial applications of WBANs are expected to appear primarily in
the healthcare domain, especially for continuous monitoring and
logging vital parameters of patients suffering from chronic
diseases such as diabetes, asthma and heart attacks.
Public safety &
preventing medical
accidents
• Sensor Network can maintain a log of previous medical
accidents and can notify the occurrence of the same accident
Safeguarding
uniformed personnel
• WBAN can be used by firefighters, policemen or in a military
environment. The WBAN monitors the level of toxics in the air and
warn the firefighters or soldiers if a life-threatening level is
detected.
Consumer Electronics
• A WBAN can include appliances such as an MP3-player,headmounted displays, Microphone etc.

13. Body Area Networks
Applications of WBAN

14. Body Area Networks
Applications of WBAN

15. Body Area Networks
Sensors used in BAN
Piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when
deformed (change in shape is greatly
exaggerated)
Temporary temperature sensor catheter probe : A
pair of matched thermistors at the tip of a catheter
can be guided to different locations of the heart to
measure blood flow.
Micro-Thermocouple sensors are flexible fine
gage thermocouples used
whenever fast, accurate temperature
measurements are required.
Disposable blood pressure sensor (DPS):
There are several disposable sensors where the sensor is
located externally from the body although body fluids
come in contact with it.

16. Body Area Networks
Devices & External Applications
Medical devices use sensors for external applications in which neither medication
nor body fluids come in contact with the sensors. In most cases, these are nondisposables. They can be used in either hospital or homecare applications.
Examples include:
Force load cells for infusion pumps that detect
occlusion (tube blockage)
Magneto-resistive sensors in syringe pumps to
detect flow rate, empty syringe and occlusion
String pot position sensors used for remote
surgical tool positioning and patient bed
positioning for x-rays/CT scans
Extremely small MEMS-based accelerometers to
measure tremors in patients with Parkinson’s
disease

17. Body Area Networks
Devices & External Applications
Piezoelectric (and also pyroelectric) sensors for
sleep apnea study
Piezo film transmitter/receiver detects presence of
bubbles in infusion pumps/syringe pumps
MEMS and load cell-based sensors for the
conservation of oxygen and monitor oxygen tank
levels
NTC temperature sensors to measure skin/body
temperature
MEMS-based pressure sensors for cuff blood
pressure sensor kits

19. Body Area Networks
Challenges of WBAN
Interoperability
Scalability
System devices
System and devicelevel security
• WBAN systems would have to ensure seamless data transfer
across standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee etc. to promote
information exchange.
• The systems would have to scalable, ensure efficient
migration across networks and offer uninterrupted
connectivity.
• The sensors used in WBAN would have to be low on
complexity, small in form factor, light in weight, power
efficient, easy to use and reconfigurable.
• Considerable effort would be required to make BAN
transmission secure and accurate.

20. Body Area Networks
Challenges of WBAN
Invasion of privacy:
Sensor validation:
Data consistency:
Interference:
• People might consider the WBAN technology as a potential
threat to freedom, if the applications go beyond “secure”
medical usage.
• Pervasive sensing devices are subject to inherent
communication and hardware constraints including
unreliable wired/wireless networks links interference and
limited power reserves. This may result in erroneous datasets
being transmitted back to the end user.
• If medical practitioner’s mobile device does not contain all
the information then the quality of patient care may
degrade.
• The wireless link used for body sensors should reduce the
interference and increase the coexistence of sensor node
devices with other network devices available in the
environment.

21. Body Area Networks
Objectives
• The mobility pattern of on-body sensor nodes be effectively
designed to assist in designing a mobility pattern-based
communication protocol.
• An effective communication protocol will be proposed taking
in to consideration the network partitioning with postural
mobility.
• Routing protocol will be proposed keeping in mind constraints
of wireless channels and power constraints of sensor nodes.
• For performance viewpoint, developed Protocols will be
compared with some existing Protocols.

22. Proposed Model
Tier-2: Personal Server
Tier-3: Medical Server
Tier-1: WBAN

23. Body Area Networks
My Specific Area of
Research
Since mobility happens to be a major factor which leads to
problems like signal attenuation as well as signal distortion, my
specific area of research would be to find out the best possible
methods so that effective communication could be carried and
the purpose of constant monitoring of human physiology as well
as keeping the medical server updated with the current situation
of any ailment which the patient is facing. Here we are
particularly dealing with the medical and health monitoring
application of Body area networks and my objective would be to
provide the most effective methodology or protocol which helps
provide uninterrupted communications between the monitoring
nodes and the personal device assistant(PDA).
Specific layer to deal with :Data Link Layer

24. Body Area Networks
Major Reasons for signal
Attenuations, Fading and
Distortion
At channel bandwidths typical of narrowband BAN systems, the radio
channel has been shown to be essentially slow and flat-fading, with an
insignificant amount of intersymbol interference from multipath.
Consequently, the received signal strength is a good measure of the
channel at any point in time. That said, the movement of the human
body has a dramatic effect on the strength of the received
signal; hence, static measurements of the BAN channel at a single point
in time provide limited useful information to those designing BAN
systems; long-term measurements, which are characterized statistically
and capture a wide variety of “everyday activities,” are far more
relevant.

27. Body Area Networks
Some Reference protocols
functioning at the MAC Layer
There are a number of existing standards, such as:
Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless Body area
networks (WBANs)
• Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless technology
standard for exchanging data over short distances
(using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM
band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile
devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with
high levels of security. Created by telecom vendor
Ericsson in 1994,[2] it was originally conceived as a
wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can
connect several devices, overcoming problems of
synchronization.

28. Body Area Networks
Some Reference protocols
functioning at the MAC Layer
• IEEE 802.15.4 standard:
IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer
and media access control for low-rate wireless personal area
networks (LR-WPANs). It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15
working group. It is the basis for the ZigBee,[1] ISA100.11a,[2]
WirelessHART, and MiWi specifications, each of which further
extends the standard by developing the upper layers which
are not defined in IEEE 802.15.4.

29. Body Area Networks
Some Reference protocols
functioning at the MAC Layer
• Zigbee: ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level
communication protocols used to create personal area
networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is
based on an IEEE 802.15 standard. Though low-powered,
ZigBee devices often transmit data over longer distances
by passing data through intermediate devices to reach
more distant ones, creating a mesh network; i.e., a network
with no centralized control or high-power
transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked
devices. The decentralized nature of such wireless ad hoc
networks make them suitable for applications where a
central node can't be relied upon.

30. Body Area Networks
Some Reference protocols
functioning at the MAC Layer
• IEEE 802.15.6 MAC :
The IEEE 802.15.6 MAC also offers a great deal of flexibility by
offering a number of different access modes. As do other lowpower standards, 802.15.6 employs a network
coordinator, which sends out beacons to organize time into
superframes (i.e., intervals between beacons) and slots
(i.e., small intervals within a superframe allocated using a
multiple access mode).
Using IEEE 802.15.4 as a baseline for comparison, IEEE 802.15.6
adds polling/posting, also known as “improvised access,”
whereby the hub/coordinator can inform sensor nodes that
they have been granted one-off exclusive time slots to
transmit or receive information.

31. Body Area Networks
Improvised techniques for
better communications:
• Dynamic slot allocation: This technique increases reliability
without increasing energy consumption.
• Scheduling the retransmissions: The third technique
concerns outages that last too long to be remedied with
retransmissions by employing relay nodes.
• Controlling the transmit power :This technique explores the
potential of transmission power control and can be applied
concurrently with the previously mentioned techniques.

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