Ever wondered how beautiful human face developed? Here is a detailed description of what you always wanted to know.

1. Evolution of Face Presented by :- Dr. Manish kumar Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davangere 1

2. Contents Introduction Definitions Theories of evolution Evolution of humans Evolution of face Qudrapedal to bipedal position Enlargement of brain Rotation of orbits Rotation of olfactory bulb Rotation of nasomaxillary complex Conclusion references 2

3. Introduction The history of planet Earth began 4.6 billion years ago. At each age one type of life has dominated over all other forms, so much that there is a direct relationship between climatic & geologic condition & the dominating type of life existing. From the biologic point of view we see that as environment changed there was a corresponding change in the form & structure of the animal & plant kingdoms. 3

4. To understand the face thoroughly, it is only fair to assume that we should start at the bottom of the ladder in the scale of life & inspect the simplest type of face & then trace upwards through the stages of development of face & see how it has gradually changed & molded in form to that of modern man. 4

5. Definition of Evolution “ A continuous process of change from one state, condition or form to another “ Stedman’s Medical Dictionary “ A developmental process in which an organ or organism becomes more & more complex by differentiation of its parts; a continuous & progressive change according to certain laws & by means of resident forces “ Dorland Medical Dictionary 5

6. Theories of Evolution Four main theories to explain the method by which species of life that exist today have evolved from earlier simpler forms. Thelamarckian theory. The theory of orthogenesis. The theory of natural selection. The mendelian theory. 666666

7. The lamarckian theory Characters acquired and changes taking place during life of an organism are inherited after the acquired character and changes have persisted for a long time. They are due to change in environment and to the concerned effects of use and disuse. Eg: girrafes with long necks. 7

8. Theory of orthogenesis [development in straight line] Put forth by Haldane and Julian Huxley. They considered that evolution proceeds in any particular direction ,not because of any advantage gained by the race or because of direct moulding effect by the surrounding, but because of some inner urge ,some necessity for the hereditary constitution to change in just that particular way. 8

9. Natural Selection or Survival Of The Fittest Charles Darwin propounded this theory of organic evolution. This theory assumes that every life on earth was developed from previous form. 9

10. He attributed changes in living organisms to the action of natural selection and in many instances to the effect of use and disuse. 10

11. This theory can be summarized briefly as: Struggle for existence Natural selection Heredity Survival of the fittest. 11

12. Mendel's law of inheritance Mendel discovered the fact of segregation or dissociation of characters from each other in the course of formation of germ cell. His research work was on edible pea. 12

13. Evolution of Humans 13

14. Australopithecus Africanus 3-3.5 million years ago Cranial capacity – 500cc Size of cranium & portions closely resembles that of chimpanzees Head – Dolicocephalic Facial Profile – convex Dental features are intermediate between those of apes & modern human. 14

15. This theory can be summarized briefly as: Struggle for existence Natural selection Heredity Survival of the fittest. 15

16. Australopithecus Robustus 2.0-1.0 million years ago Cranial capacity – 600cc More sturdier Cheek bones are projecting forward Lower jaw is very large High degree of prognathisim is present Back teeth are twice larger than the expected hominid size 16

17. Australopithecus Bosiei 2.3-1.2 million years ago Cranial capacity – 600cc Tool makers & food gatherers They could express & communicate simple ideas with sound Face – long & broad Facial & zygomatic portions of maxilla are large 17

18. Homo Habilis 1.9 – 1.8 million years ago Cranial capacity – 600- 650 cc Associated with stone tools Greater body size Dental reduction orthognathy 18

19. Homo Erectus 1.8my – 300,000 years ago Cranial capacity – 850 cc Thick cranial vault Size of the posterior teeth are decreased & anterior were larger than modern humans Upper incisors are distinctively shovel shaped 19

20. Homo Neanderthals 150,000 – 30,000 years ago Ruggedly built & short stocky body Developed skilled stone tool technology Had larger brain Dentition as a whole is placed forward relative to the skull vault 20

21. Homo Sapiens Cranial capacity – 1500cc Skull is high rounded Orthognathic face Face is tucked under the enlarged brain case Teeth progressively reduced in size, concurrently with the reduction in masticatory apparatus. 21

22. Evolution of face 22

23. Concept - 1 Man is one of the few truly bipedal mammals. The designs of the toes, foot bones, arch of the foot, ankle, leg bones, pelvis, and vertebral column all interrelate in the anatomic composite that provides upright body stance. The head is in a balanced position on an upright spin. The arms and hands have become freed. 23

24. Concept - 2 The enormous enlargement and the resultant configuration of the brain have caused a “flexure” (bending) of the human cranial base. This relates to two key features. First, the spinal cord is aligned vertically. Second the orbits have undergone a rotation in conjunction with frontal lobe expansion. 24

25. Concept - 3 The large size of the human brain also relates to a rotation of the orbits towards the midline. This results in a binocular arrangement of the orbits. The absence of a long, protrusive muzzle does not block the close-up vision of hand-held objects. Complete orbital rotation into a forward-pointing direction, however, has also caused a marked reduction in the interorbital part of the face. 25

26. Concept - 4 The nasal region above and the oral region below are two sides of the same coin, that is, the palate. Reduction in nasal protrusion is accompanied by a more or less equivalent reduction of the jaw. The whole face has necessarily become reduced in horizontal length as a result. The downward rotation of the olfactory bulbs and the whole anterior cranial floor by the enlarged frontal lobes of the cerebrum has caused a corresponding downward rotation of he nasomaxillary complex. 26

29. Brain enlargement, Basicranial flexure and Facial rotation The enormous human cerebrum similarly expands around a much smaller enlarging midventral segment ( the medulla, pons, hypothalamus, optic chiasma). This causes a bending of the whole underside of the brain. 29

30. The expansion of the frontal lobes displaces the frontal bone upward and outward. This results in the distinctive, bulbous, upright “forehead” of the human face. The frontal lobes also relate to a rotation of the human orbits into new positions. As the forehead is rotated into a vertical plane by the brain behind it, the superior orbital rim is carried with it. The eyes now point at a right angle to the spinal cord. The spine is vertical, and the orbital axis is horizontal. Vision is directed towards forward body movement. 30

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34. The enlarged human cerebrum has caused a downward rotational displacement of the olfactory bulbs. In all other mammals, they are nearly upright or obliquely aligned. 34

35. Nasomaxillary configuration The maxilla of most mammals has a triangular configuration. In man it is uniquely rectangular. This is caused by a rotation of the occlusion into a horizontal plane to adapt to the vertical rotation of the whole midface. The occlusal plane in most mammals, including man, is approximatey parallel to the Frankfort plane. 35

36. Reduction of the nasal region associated with orbital convergence and olfactory-anterior cranial fossa rotation must necessarily also be accompanied by a more or less equal reduction in maxillary arch length, because the floor of the nasal chamber is also the roof of the mouth. 36

38. References A handbook of facial growth, 2nd edition, Donald H. Enlow Angle orthodontics – 1997-Vol.67 - Issue-1, 73-8 Encyclopedia.com Wikipedia.com 38

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