1. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2. CHAPTER 9: CAUSE AND EFFECT
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3. CHAPTER OUTLINE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this chapter, you will learn to:
 identify immediate and long-range causes and
effects,
 devise suitable topics, and
 write a cause or effect paragraph that
incorporates appropriate transitions and
details.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

4. WHAT IS CAUSE AND EFFECT?
 When you explain the reasons for something, you are
writing causes.
 When you write about the results of something, you
are writing about effects.
 Hints for Writing a Cause or Effect Paragraph
1. Pick a topic you can handle in one paragraph.
2. Try to have at least three causes or effects in your
paragraph.
3. Make your causes or effects clear and specific.
4. Write a topic sentence that indicates whether your
paragraph is about causes or effects.
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5. WRITING THE CAUSE OR EFFECT PARAGRAPH IN STEPS
 PrewritingCause or Effect—how to generate and
develop ideas for your cause or effect paragraph
 Planning Cause or Effect—how to organize your ideas
for your cause or effect paragraph
 Drafting and Revising Cause or Effect—how to create,
revise, and edit rough drafts of your cause or effect
paragraph
 Proofreading Cause or Effect—how to proofread and
make one final check of your cause or effect
paragraph
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6. PREWRITING CAUSE OR EFFECT
 Once you pick a topic, the next step is getting ideas.
 Freewriting on a Topic
 Think about causes and effects
 Review the freewriting and make separate lists of the
causes and effects.
 You should have at least three causes or effects.
 Devising a Topic Sentence
 With at least three causes or effects and some details
for each cause or effect, you can create a topic
sentence.
 With a topic sentence and a list of details, you can
begin working on the planning stage.
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7. PLANNING CAUSE OR EFFECT
 With a topic sentence and a list of causes (or
effects) and details, you can draft an outline.
 Checklist for Revising the Outline of a Cause or
Effect Paragraph
 The Order of Causes or Effects
 time order
 emphatic order
 logical order
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8. DRAFTING AND REVISING CAUSE OR EFFECT
 Once you have an outline, a sufficient number of
causes or effects, and details, you can write a first
draft.
 Checklist for Revising the Draft of a Cause or Effect
Paragraph
 Linking Ideas in Cause or Effect
 Info Box: Transitions for a Cause or Effect
Paragraph
 Making the Links Clear
 Writing phrases, clauses, or sentences that help
the reader follow your point
 Revising the Draft
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9. PROOFREADING CAUSE OR EFFECT
 Check for errors in spelling, grammar, or preparation.
 Lines of Detail: A Walk-Through Assignment
 Topics for Writing a Cause or Effect Paragraph
 Topics for Critical Thinking and Writing
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10. WHAT ARE CAUSES?
A. basic building block.
B. Effects.
C. results of something
D. reasons for something
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

11. WHAT ARE CAUSES?
A. basic building blocks
B. Effects.
C. results of something
D. reasons for something
write a cause or effect paragraph that incorporates
appropriate transitions and details
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

12. WHAT ARE EFFECTS?
A. Causes.
B. building blocks.
C. results of something.
D. reasons for something.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

13. WHAT ARE EFFECTS?
A. Causes.
B. building blocks
C. results of something
D. reasons for something
write a cause or effect paragraph that incorporates
appropriate transitions and details
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

14. FROM THE LIST BELOW, FIND A LONG-RANGE EFFECT
FOR PASSING A SCIENCE CLASS.
A. Good grades.
B. Positive self-concept about ability.
C. Able to help struggling classmates.
D. Improved GPA.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

15. FROM THE LIST BELOW, FIND A LONG-RANGE EFFECT
FOR PASSING A SCIENCE CLASS.
A. Good grades.
B. Positive self-concept about ability.
C. Able to help struggling classmates.
D. Improved GPA.
identify immediate and long-range causes and effects
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16. FROM THE LIST BELOW, FIND AN IMMEDIATE
CAUSE FOR A CAR ACCIDENT.
A. Condition of the road.
B. Weather conditions.
C. Vehicle conditions.
D. Driver runs a stoplight.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

17. FROM THE LIST BELOW, FIND AN IMMEDIATE
CAUSE FOR A CAR ACCIDENT
A. Condition of the road
B. Weather conditions
C. Vehicle conditions
D. Driver runs a stoplight
identify immediate and long-range
causes and effects
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18. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A SUITABLE TOPIC FOR A
CAUSE OR EFFECT PARAGRAPH?
A. How My Instructor’s Kindness Changed My Fate
B. The Reasons I Was Accused of Plagiarism
C. Why I Am Anorexic
D. The Impact of Unemployment on College Students
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

19. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A SUITABLE TOPIC FOR A
CAUSE OR EFFECT PARAGRAPH?
A. How My Instructor’s Kindness Changed My Fate
B. The Reasons I Was Accused of Plagiarism
C. Why I Am Anorexic
D. The Impact of Unemployment on College Students
devise suitable topics
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.