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2. CHAPTER 18: BEYOND THE SIMPLE SENTENCE: SUBORDINATION
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3. CHAPTER OUTLINE AND LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this chapter, you will be learn to:
 identify sentence-combining techniques that rely on
subordinating conjunctions,
 distinguish between dependent and independent
clauses, and
 generate and punctuate sentences.
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4. MORE ON COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES
 Review
 A clause has a subject and a verb.
 An independent clause is a simple sentence; it is a
group of words, with a subject and verb, that makes
sense by itself.
 Another kind of clause, a dependent clause, has a
subject and a verb, but it does not make sense by
itself.
It depends on the rest of the sentence to give it
meaning.
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5. MORE ON COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES
 Review Chapter 16 for Options 1–3
 Option 4: Using a Dependent Clause to Begin a
Sentence
 Combine simple sentences by changing an
independent clause from one sentence into a
dependent clause and placing it at the beginning of
the new sentence.
 Option 5: Using a Dependent Clause to End a Sentence
 Combine simple sentences by changing an
independent clause from one sentence into a
dependent clause and placing it at the end of the
new sentence.
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6. MORE ON COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES
 Using Subordinate Conjunctions
Changing an independent clause to a dependent
one is called subordinating.
To subordinate, you add a subordinating word,
called a subordinating conjunction, to an
independent clause, making it dependent, or
subordinate, in the new sentence.
INFO BOX: Subordinating Conjunctions
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7. MORE ON COMBINING SIMPLE SENTENCES
 Punctuating Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is a sentence that has one
independent clause and one (or more)
dependent clause(s).
If the dependent clause comes at the beginning
of the sentence, put a comma after the
dependent clause. If the dependent clause
comes at the end of the sentence, do not put a
comma in front of the dependent clause.
INFO BOX: Options for Combining Sentences
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8. WHAT IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE?
A. The basic building block of an essay.
B. The basic building block of the paragraph.
C. A clause that has a subject and verb, but it does
not make sense by itself.
D. A clause that has a subject and verb and makes
sense by itself.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

9. WHAT IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE?
A. The basic building block of an essay.
B. The basic building block of the paragraph.
C. A clause that has a subject and verb, but it does
not make sense by itself.
D. A clause that has a subject and verb and makes
sense by itself.
distinguish between dependent and independent
clauses
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10. OF THE FOLLOWING, WHICH IS THE CORRECT WAY TO COMBINE
THE TWO SENTENCES BELOW?
I was late for school.
My car had a flat tire.
A. Because my car had a flat tire: I was late for work.
B. Because my car had a flat tire; I was late for work.
C. Because my car had a flat tire, I was late for work.
D. Because my car had a flat tire I was late for work.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

11. OF THE FOLLOWING, WHICH IS THE CORRECT WAY TO COMBINE
THE TWO SENTENCES BELOW?
I was late for school.
My car had a flat tire.
A. Because my car had a flat tire: I was late for work.
B. Because my car had a flat tire; I was late for work.
C. Because my car had a flat tire, I was late for work.
D. Because my car had a flat tire I was late for work.
identify sentence-combining techniques that rely on
subordinating conjunctions,
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.