1. The Internet is the world’s largest public
computer network; a network of networks
that provides a vast array of services to
individuals, businesses, and organizations
around the world.
Internet
• Internet Technologies
• Web
• Internet and Web Applications
CT3g > Concepts > Internet
In this section:

2. Many different Internet technologies work
together to provide information and services
over the Internet, including a variety of
protocols, hardware, and software.
Internet
Technologies
• Internet Backbone
• TCP/IP
• Internet Service
Provider
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies
• Domain Name System
(DNS)
• Port
• Internet2
• Client/Server
• Peer-to-Peer
• Router
In this section:

3. Internet Backbone
The Internet backbone refers
to the main Internet pathways
and connections, made up of
the many national and
international communication
networks that are owned by
major telecom companies,
such as Verizon, AT&T, and
Sprint—the same companies
and networks that provide
telephone service.
Links:
Gartner, Inc.: Magic Quadrant for U.S. Network Service Providers
Mapnet: View Internet backbone
AT&T international backbone
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Backbone

4. TCP/IP
The protocols on which the
Internet is based are the
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and Internet Protocol
(IP); together referred to as
TCP/IP.
Links:
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
PBS: Packet Switching Demo
W3Schools: TCP/IP Tutorial
IP version 6 (IPv6)
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > TCP / IP
Internet applications divide up
information, such as an email
message, into small packets to make
efficient use of the network. Upon
arriving at their destination, the
packets are reconstructed into the
original message.

5. Internet Service Provider
A company that provides individuals
and organizations with access to the
Internet is called an Internet service
provider (ISP).
Links:
ISP-Planet: Top 23 U.S. ISPs by Subscriber
CNET: Internet access tools
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet Service Provider
Internet service providers have been under the scrutiny of privacy advocates and
government regulators for analyzing the data packets that flow over their networks. In a
practice called traffic shaping, or packet shaping, ISPs analyze data packets and inhibit
packets from sources that are hogging bandwidth, so that all customers have more equal
use of the bandwidth.

6. Router
A router is a network device
that manages network traffic by
evaluating messages and
routing them over the fastest
path to their destination.
Links:
Princeton University: Traceroute Tool
Visualware: VisualRoute tool
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Router
Although routers play a crucial role on the
Internet backbone, they also are used on
smaller networks. Routers are used on
business and home networks to allow
computers on the network to communicate.

7. Domain Name System (DNS)
The Domain Name System (DNS) maintains a database of
all domain names and IP addresses used on the Internet and
acts like a phonebook, supplying information to Internet
nodes and routers working to get data packets to their
destination.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Domain Name System (DNS)
Links:
The TCP/IP Guide
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
ICANN: Accredited Registrars
InformationWeek:

8. Port
In a computer
network context, a
port is an address
used by clients and
servers that is
associated with a
specific service.
Links:
Listing of port numbers
Webopedia: Well-Known TCP Port NumbersCT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Port
Just as the post office sorts mail by zip code,
Internet servers sort data packets by port
number to deliver them to the intended service.

9. Internet2
Links:
Internet2
National LambdaRail
Internet2 Applications
Access Grid
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet Technologies > Internet2
Internet2 is a research and development consortium led by more
than 200 U.S. universities and supported by partnerships with
industry and government to develop and deploy advanced network
applications and technologies for tomorrow’s Internet

10. The Web, short for World Wide Web, is an
Internet service that provides convenient
access to information and services through
hyperlinks.
Web
Technologies
• Web Browser
• Web Server
• URL
• HTML
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web
• Cookie
• Plug-in
• Web Programming
• XML
• CSS
• Web Development
Software
In this section:

11. Web Browser
A Web client, usually called a
Web browser, such as Internet
Explorer, Safari, and Firefox, is
used to request Web pages from
Web servers, interpret the HTML
code in the Web page that is
delivered, and display it onscreen.
Links:
TopTenREVIEWS: Internet Browser Software Review
Firefox Web browser (Windows, Mac, Linux)
Internet Explorer Web browser (Windows)
Safari Web browser (Windows and Mac)
http://www.opera.com/
Google Chrome Web browser (Windows)
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Browser

12. The term Web server refers to software that
fulfills Web page requests from Web clients,
and the computers that run such
software.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Server
Links:
The Register: Apache rules web server landscape
Web Hosting Choice: Best 10 Web Hosting Sites
Apache Software Foundation
WebServUSB
Web hosting companies provide Web
service and Web storage services to
individuals and businesses for an annual
fee.
Web Server

13. A Uniform Resource Locator, more commonly called a
URL, acts as a Web page address, incorporating the domain
name of the Web server and the location of the Web page
file on the server.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > URL
URL
The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) is
responsible for managing URLs and IP
addresses. ICANN authorizes
businesses known as accredited
registrars to register new domain names.
Links:
ICANN
ICANN: Top-Level Domains
ICANN: Accredited Registrars
name domains

14. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the
primary markup language used to specify the
formatting of a Web page.
Links:
W3Schools: HTML Tutorial
W3C: XHTML2 Working Group Home Page
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > HTML
HTML

15. XML
XML (Extensible Markup
Language) provides a
method for describing and
classifying Internet-delivered
data so that it is easier to
organize and manage.
Links:
W3C: The Semantic Web
W3Schools: XML Tutorial
W3C: Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Microsoft: XML Developer CenterCT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > XML

16. Cascading Style Sheets or CSS
allows easy application of visual
styles for fonts, colors, layout, and
other page attributes to create a
visual theme for Web pages and
sites.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > CSS
CSS
Links:
W3C: Cascading Style Sheets
http://www.w3schools.com/css/
CSS Zen Garden

17. Web-Development Software
Links:
Adobe Dreamweaver CS4 software
Aptana software
Web Developer’s Journal
Web development software
allows developers to create Web
pages more easily using a word-
processing-style environment and
automating complex coding
activities.
WYSIWYG (pronounced “wizzie-
wig”) implies that the Web page you
design with the Web development
software will look the same when
published on the Web.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web-Development Software

18. Cookie
Links:
Cookie Central
Microsoft: Information About Cookies
Firefox: Cookies
A cookie, sometimes called an
HTTP cookie, is a small text file
placed on a user’s computer by a
Web server in order to identify the
user whenever he or she returns to
visit a Web site.
Cookie files can contain data or
perhaps a unique identifier that is
used to look up your personal profile
in a database on the server.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Cookie

19. Plug-In
A plug-in works with a Web
browser to offer extended
services such as audio
players, video, animation, 3D
graphics viewers, and
interactive media.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Plug-In
Links:
Internet Explorer Add-ons
Download.com: Plug-ins
Firefox Add-ons

20. Web Programming
Web programming
refers to the
development of
software written to run
either in a Web browser
or on a Web server,
using Web-based input
and output.
Links:
Java + You
JavaScript, The Definitive JavaScript Resource
W3Schools: JavaScript Tutorial
Adaptive Path – Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications
)CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Web > Web Programming

21. Internet and Web applications are varied and many, assisting individuals,
businesses, and organizations with all facets of life including education, news
and information sharing, communication, travel, commerce, and entertainment.
Internet and
Web Applications
• Search Engine
• Portal
• Internet Communications
• Online Information
• Online News
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications
• Online Education
• Online Travel
• Online Employment
Support
• Online Music
In this section:
• Online TV and Video
• Online Games
• Web 2.0
• Web 3.0

22. Search Engine
A search engine is a valuable
software tool that enables
users to find information on the
Web by specifying words that
are key to their topics of
interest—keywords.
Links:
Google
Live
Yahoo!
AOL Search
Ask
Dogpile
Mahalo
Wikia Search
A9
Search Engine Showdown
Google: Improve Your Search Experience
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Search Engine
63% 20% 3%

23. Portal
A Web portal is a
Web page that
combines useful
information and links,
and acts as an entry
point to the Web—the
first page you open
when you begin
browsing the Web.
Links:
iGoogle
My Yahoo!
MSN
AOL
About.com: The Top Personalized Start Pages
Killer Startups: Start-page Review
VerticalPortals.com Main Directory
IBM: Portals and dashboardsCT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Portal

24. Internet Communications
Internet communications include text-
based communications such as email and
instant messaging, voice communications
such as Voice over IP (VoIP), video
communications, and a variety of group and
community forums.
Links:
Wikipedia: Emoticon
Wikipedia: List of common emoticons
NetLingo: The List of Chat Acronyms & Text
Message Shorthand
AIM Instant Messenger
Internet Relay Chat
Yahoo! Web Chat
Spin Chat
Skype
Second Life
Vonage VoIP Internet Phone Service
TokBox Live Video Calling
Cisco TelePresence
HP Halo telepresence & video conferencingCT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Internet Communications

25. Online information refers
to information of all
kinds—business,
personal, governmental,
factual, opinionated, even
inaccurate—that is
delivered over the Internet
and Web.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Information
Links:
Wikipedia
Purdue University: Searching the World Wide Web
Naperville (IL) Central High School: Research Tips for the Internet
Wikipedia provides a platform for Internet users to share
information on every topic.
Online Information

26. Online News
Online news refers
to newspapers,
magazines,
journals, news
radio and
television, and
blogs that deliver
news and
information about
current events on
the Web.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online News
Links:
Technorati
Blogs.com
Google Reader
Google News
Yahoo! News
Digg
Newsvine
Reuters
AP
BBC
ABC News
Newsvine
MSNBC
The Boston Globe
The Miami Herald
Chicago Tribune
PBS
NPR
Google News
Yahoo! News
The New York Times
Yahoo!: News By Industry
San Francisco Chronicle
Citizen Journalism Report

27. Online education refers to Web sites designed to educate
or support education and training.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Education
Online Education
In a program it calls OpenCourseWare,
the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) is offering all of its
courses free online. Students who take
courses via OpenCourseWare will not
earn credit toward a degree or have
access to teachers, but they can benefit
from the knowledge gained.
Links:
MIT: OpenCourseWare
Open Courseware Consortium
Blackboard Learning Management System
SkillSoft
Yale University: Open Yale Courses
eHow
Certiport

28. Online travel refers to Web sites and
services that support various travel
activities such as preparing for travel,
finding your way around new
environments, reserving flights and
lodging, booking tours and activities,
and renting vehicles.
Links:
Google Maps
Google Earth
Microsoft Virtual Earth
Microsoft Live Search Maps
MapQuest
Travelocity
Expedia
Priceline
iPhone GPS
Loopt
Yahoo! Travel
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Travel
Online Travel

29. Online Employment Support
Online employment support
refers to Web-delivered
information and services that
support researching
employment options and finding
employment.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Employment Support
Links:
JobWeb
Yahoo! HotJobs
Monster
CareerBuilder
College Board Career Browser
CareerOverview.com
U.S. Department of Labor: Occupational Outlook Handbook
•Select a career.
•Discover who the players are in your chosen career
•Learn about the companies that interest you
•Network with others in the field.
•View job listings at general employment Web sites.
•View job listings at industry-specific employment Web sites
•Create an impressive Web site to represent yourself.

30. Online Music
Online music refers to
music delivered through
Internet-based or Web-
based services and
includes Internet radio,
music subscription
services, and music
download services.
Links:
Live365
Pandora
Last.fm
Apple iTunes
Microsoft’s Zune
Amazon MP3 Downloads
Napster
Rhapsody
Podcast Alley
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Music
Pandora is a unique online music service that
builds radio stations around the listener’s
musical tastes.

31. Online TV and Video
Links:
Hulu
Joost
ABC
CBS
NBC
Netflix
YouTube
Google Video
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online TV and Video
Online TV and video
refers to television
programming, motion
pictures, movies, and
user-generated video
available on the Web.

32. Online games are the many different
types of single-user, multiuser, and
massively multiuser games played on the
Internet and the Web.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Online Games
Online Games
Links:
Ferion
MSN Games
Massively Multi-Player Online Role Playing Games
Top 100 Game Sites
XBox LIVE
World of Warcraft
The Lord of the Rings Online
•Action
•Board
•Card
•Flight Simulation
•MultiUser Dimension or
MultiUser Dungeon
(MUD)
Multiplayer online games can be categorized into the
following genres:
•Role-Playing Games
(RPG)
•Sims
•Sports
•Strategy
•Trivia/Puzzle

33. Web 2.0
Links:
List of Links
Web 2.0 refers to Web
resources that allow average
users to collaborate and
contribute to Web content,
and to the transition of the
Web from an information
resource to a computing
platform.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Web 2.0

34. • Rich Internet Apps:
– Google Docs
– Google Apps
– 37signals
– Zoho
– Flypaper
– SlideRocket
– icloud
– eyeOS
– Buzzword
– Todoist
– Adobe Photoshop Express,
• Other:
– Plaxo Web 2.0 aggregator
– Swurl Web 2.0 aggregator
– SecondLife virtual world social network
Web 2.0 Links
• Social networks:
– Facebook
– MySpace
– LinkedIn
• Social bookmarking:
– Digg
– Delicious
• Crowdsourcing:
– Wikipedia
– Epinions
• Media sharing:
– Flickr
– SmugMug
– YouTube
• Blogging:
– WordPress
– Blogger
– Twitter
– Jaiku
– Pownce
– Plurk
– Spoink

35. Web 3.0
Links:
The New York Times: Entrepreneurs See a Web Guided by Common Sense
Web 3.0 refers to the next
major change that will take
place in Web technology, and
as such is speculation at this
point.
CT3 > Concepts > Internet > Internet and Web Applications > Web 3.0