The document discusses the historical challenges faced by Native Americans, including: 1) The Homestead Act of 1862 which allowed settlers to claim western lands if they worked the land for five years, building conflicts with Native Americans. 2) The six phases of historical unresolved grief that Native Americans experienced due to colonization, including genocide, disease, and the traumatic events like the Wounded Knee Massacre. 3) The Dawes Act of 1887 which divided reservation lands into privately owned sections, destroying tribal unity and communities by ending communal hunting and eventually selling "surplus" lands.

1. The FRONTIER ************************* my challenge to you…

8. Buffalo Soldiers

13. Six Phases of Historical Unresolved Grief (http://www.historicaltrauma.com/) 1. 1st Contact: life shock, genocide, no time for grief. Colonization Period: introduction of disease and alcohol, traumatic events such as Wounded Knee Massacre. 2. Economic competition: sustenance loss (physical/spiritual). 3. Invasion/War Period: extermination, refugee symptoms. 4. Subjugation/Reservation Period: confined/translocated, forced dependency on oppressor, lack of security. 5. Boarding School Period: destroyed family system, beatings, rape, prohibition of Native language and religion; Lasting Effect: ill-prepared for parenting, identity confusion. 6. Forced Relocation and Termination Period: transfer to urban areas, prohibition of religious freedom, racism and being viewed as second class; loss of governmental system and community.

19. Census 2000 showed that the United States population was 281.4 million on April 1, 2000. Of the total, 4.1 million, or 1.5 percent, reported1 American Indian and Alaska Native. US Census 2000