32. Alveolata: Apicomplexa; Plasmodium sp. Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes 1 2 3 4 6 Asexual reproduction Intermediate host Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage Merozoites Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 7 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote 8 Male gametocyte Female gametocyte Zygote Sexual reproduction Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 9 Sporozoites in salivary gland
37. CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION 8 7 2 MICRONUCLEAR FUSION Diploid micronucleus Diploid micronucleus Haploid micronucleus MEIOSIS Compatible mates Key Conjugation Reproduction Macronucleus Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. 1 Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell. 2 3 Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro- nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis. The cells swap one micronucleus. 4 The cells separate. 5 Micronuclei fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. 6 Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei. 7 The original macro- nucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei. 8 Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one micronucleus into each of four daughter cells. 9 Alveolata: Ciliates
46. Brown algae (a) The seaweed is grown on nets in shallow coastal waters. (b) A worker spreads the harvested sea- weed on bamboo screens to dry. (c) Paper-thin, glossy sheets of nori make a mineral-rich wrap for rice, seafood, and vegetables in sushi.