Brucella

─ a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.They are small (0.5 to 0.7 by 0.6 to 1.5 µm), non-motile, non-encapsulated coccobacilli, which function as facultative intracellular parasites. BRUCELLA

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However, the new NCBI taxonomy has named all Brucella species Brucella melitensis. They include Brucella melitensis 16M and 5 other biovars: abortus, canis, neotomae, ovis, and suis.,[object Object]

[object Object],Wild bison and elk in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) are the last remaining reservoir of Brucella abortus in the U.S. The recent transmission of brucellosis from elk to cattle in Idaho and Wyoming illustrates how the GYA is the last remaining reservoir in the United States, adversely affecting the livestock industry. Eliminating brucellosis from this area is a challenge, as there are many viewpoints on how to manage diseased wildlife. ,[object Object],Canada declared their cattle herd brucellosis-free on September 19, 1985. Brucellosis ring testing of milk and cream, as well as testing of slaughter cattle, ended April 1, 1999. Monitoring continues through auction market testing, standard disease reporting mechanisms, and testing of cattle being qualified for export to countries other than the USA.

Oceania ,[object Object],Australia is at present free of cattle brucelosis, although it occurred in the past. Brucellosis of sheep or goats has never been reported. Brucellosis of pigs does occur. Feral pigs are the typical source of human infections. ,[object Object],Brucellosis in New Zealand is limited to sheep (Brucella ovis). The country is free of all other species of Brucella.

Transmission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Accidental hosts usually become infected after contact with maintenance hosts. Although the ruminant udder is usually colonized during the course of an infection, it can also be infected by direct contact (for example, by bacteria on the hands of farm workers). ,[object Object]

Incubation Period ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Complications are seen occasionally, particularly in the undulant and chronic forms. The most common complications are arthritis, spondylitis, epididymoorchitis and chronic fatigue. Neurological signs occur in up to 5% of cases. They may include personality changes, meningitis, encephalitis and peripheral neuropathy. Uveitis, optic neuritis and papilledema have been reported.,[object Object]

The symptoms of congenital brucellosis are variable. Some congenitally infected infants are delivered prematurely, while others are born at full term. Common symptoms include low birth weight, fever, failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Some newborns with congenital brucellosis have respiratory difficulty or severe respiratory distress, hypotension, vomiting and other signs of sepsis. Other infants may be asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms at birth. Whether brucellosis can lead to spontaneous abortion in humans is controversial.,[object Object],[object Object]

Serology detecting brucellosis antigenThis disease may also alter the results of the following tests: ,[object Object]

Febrile/cold agglutinins,[object Object]

Meningitis,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Brucella

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Brucella