The Americans Chapter 8

1. LIFE IN THE 20TH
CENTURY
Ch 8

2. Technology and City Life
 By 1900 4/10 Americans made their home in
the city.
 Technology changed to meet their needs.
 They needed more space and one remedy
was to build toward the sky.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uz_l8qYUS
Y&feature=related

3. Skyscrapers
 Architects were able to design taller buildings
because of 2 factors:
 The invention of elevators.
 The development of internal steel skeletons to
bear the weight of buildings.

4. Louis Sullivan
 1890-1891 architect
who designed the
10 story Wainwright
Building in St. Louis.
 Called it a “proud
and soaring thing”

5.  The skyscraper
became America’s
greatest contribution
to architecture.
 Frank Lloyd Wright –
studied under
Sullivan
 Described it as “a
new thing under the
sun.”

6. Daniel Burnham
 Designed the
Flatiron Building in
1902.
 285 ft. tower
 These buildings
served as symbols
of a rich and
optimistic society.

8. Electric Transit
 1888 – Richmond,
Virginia became the
first city to electrify its
urban transit.
 Other cities followed.
 Rail cars were both
above and below
ground – NY -
subways

9. Engineering and Urban Planning
 Bridges brought cities’ sections closer
together.
 Some provided recreational purposes.
 City planners tried to restore a measure of
serenity to the environment by designing
recreational areas.

10. Frederick Law Olmsted
 Landscape architect
 He led the way in the
movement for
planned urban parks.
 He and Calvert, Vaux,
and English born
architect, drew the
plans for Central Park
in NY City.

11.  Olmsted envisioned tennis facilities, a zoo,
and bicycle paths.
 He hoped the park would soothe people and
let them enjoy the natural setting.
 1870’s – he planned landscaping for
Washington D.C. and St. Louis.

12. Motto ”Make no little plans. They have no magic
to stir men’s blood.”

13.  He also drew the
initial designs for the
“Emerald Necklace”
– Boston’s park
system.

14. City Planning
 Daniel Burnham was intrigued by remaking
Chicago.
 Created White City
 Most important legacy was an overall plan for
the city
 Crowned by parks along Lake Michigan.

15.  Majestic exhibition halls and statues
 The first Ferris wheel
 A lagoon

17. New Technologies
 Advances in printing, aviation, and
photography helped spread the transfer of
information.

18. Revolution in Printing
 1890 – literacy rate 90%
 Books, magazines, and newspapers were printed.
 Mills began to produce lg quantities of paper from
wood pulp.
 Advances in printing and lower costs made
magazines more affordable.
 Newspapers cost $.01

19. Airplanes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5o-fhBKf8Y&feature=fvwrel
 Orville and Wilbur
Wright
 Bicycle manufacturers
 From Dayton, Ohio
 1st built a glider
 4 cylinder internal
combustion engine,
 Chose a propeller
 Designed a biplane
with a 40’4 wingspan.

20. December 17th 1903
first successful flight at Kitty Hawk, NC
120 ft lasted 12 seconds

21.  Within 2 yrs they increased their flights to 24
miles.
 1920 – U.S. Government had established the
first transcontinental

22. Photography Explosion
 Before 1880 photography was only done by
professionals.
 Photographers could not take photos of
moving objects.
 They had to develop their photos immediately

23. George Eastman
 Developed a method
in which
photographers could
send their photos to a
studio for processing.
 Professionals were
slow to pick up on the
idea.
 Eastman decided to
address the masses.

24. Kodak
 1888 Eastman
introduced this new
camera.
 $25.00 and included a
100 picture roll of film.
 When all pictures were
taken, the camera was
sent back to the factory
and the pictures were
developed. The
camera was returned
reloaded.

25. Photos Catch Society
 Millions of Americans began to take their own
photos.
 Helped to create the field of photojournalism.
 Reporters could now photography events as they
occurred.
 An amateur photographer took photos at Kitty
Hawk.

26. EXPANDING
EDUCATION
Section 2

27. Expanding Public Education
 Children either did not attend school or
attended and left within4 years.
 Very few went to high school.

28. Schools For Children
 1865-1895 states passed laws requiring 12-16
weeks annually of school attendance by
students between 8-14.
 Criticized
 Rote memorization
 Uneven quality of teachers

29.  Strict rules and punishment made many
students miserable.

30.  In spite of conditions, children began to attend
school at younger age.
 Kindergarten became popular. It was
originally created outside of schools to offer
working mothers an option for childcare.

31. William Torrey Harris
 Influenced public
schools to add
kindergarten.
 Educational
opportunities differed
for black and white
students.
 Not until 1940s would
education be available
to black children living
in the South.

32. The Growth of High Schools
 The economy demanded advanced
technological and managerial skills.
 By 1900 more than ½ a million students
attended high school.
 Curriculum expanded subjects to include
science, civics, and social studies.

33.  New vocational jobs prepared boys for
industrial jobs in drafting, carpentry, and
mechanics.

34.  Education prepared females for office work.

35. Racial Discrimination
 African Americans were mostly excluded from
public secondary education.
 More than 2/3 of these students went to
private schools which received no government
financial support.

36. Education For Immigrants
 Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
 Most immigrants sent their children to
American’s free public schools where they
became “Americanized.”
Some people resented the suppression of their
native language.

37.  Catholics were concerned because children
read from the King James version of the Bible.
 Catholics set up their own parochial schools to
give their children a Catholic education.

38.  Thousands of adult immigrants attended night
school to learn English and qualify for
American citizenship.
 Many employers offered daytime programs to
Americanize their workers.

39. Henry Ford
 Model T factory had
a “Sociology
Department”
 To teach the English
language, the
American ways, and
the right way to live.
 Controversial/labor
activists protested.

40. Expanding Higher Education
 Changes in Universities
 1880-1920 –college enrollments quadrupled
 Colleges changed curriculum and admission
policies.
 Research universities emerged.
 Professional law and medical schools emerged.
 Private colleges and universities required
entrance exams, but some required a high school
diploma.

41. Higher Education For African
Americans
 After the Civil War, and with help from the
Freedman’s Bureau, African Americans
founded Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk
Universities.
 All opened 1865-1868

42. Booker T. Washington
 African American
educator
 Believed that racism
would end once
blacks acquired
useful labor skills
and proved their
economic value to
society.

43.  Washington was born a slave.
 Graduated from Virginia’s Hampton Institute,
now called Tuskegee University
 1881 – head of Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute, now Tuskegee U in
Alabama.

44. Goal of Tuskegee
 To equip African Americans with teaching
diplomas and useful skills in agricultural,
domestic, or mechanical work.

45. W. E. B. Du Bois
 The 1st African
American to receive a
doctorate from
Harvard in 1895.
 Disagreed with
Washington’s
approach.
 Founded the Niagara
Movement

46. Niagara Movement
 Insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts
education so that the African American
community would have well educated leaders.
 Du Bois proposed that a group of educated
blacks should attempt to achieve immediate
inclusion into mainstream American life.

47. SEGREGATION AND
DISCRIMINATION
Section 3

48. Ida B. Wells
 Born a slave
 Moved to Memphis
in 1880s to work as
a teacher.
 Later became editor
of a local paper.
 Wanted racial
justice
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlhR
LMCVJQs&feature=related

49.  Her theme turned into a crusade on March 9,
1892 when 3 of her friends were lynched.

50.  African Americans were not the only groups to
experience violence and racial discrimination.
 Native Americans
 Mexican residents
 Chinese immigrants
 All encountered forms of oppression and it was
worse in the West.

51. African Americans Fight Legal
Discrimination
 Voting restrictions
 Southern states imposed new voting restrictions
 Denied legal equality to African Americans.
 Some states limited the vote to people that could
read and required a literacy test.
 Blacks were sometimes asked harder questions than
whites or given a test in a foreign language.

52.  Poll tax – the annual tax that had to be paid
before qualifying to vote.
 Black and white sharecroppers were often too
poor to pay.
 Grandfather clause – stated that if a man
failed the literacy test or could not pay the poll
tax would still be eligible to vote if he, his
father, or his grandfather had been eligible
before January 1, 1867.

53.  The date of the grandfather clause is important
because before Jan. 1, 1867, freed slaves did
not have the right to vote.

54. Jim Crow Laws
 Segregation laws that separated white and
black people in public and private facilities.
 Named after a popular old minstrel song that
ended in the words “Jump, Jim Crow.”

55. Racial segregation was put into
effect in schools

56. Hospitals, parks

57. And transportation systems in the
South.

58. Plessy v. Ferguson
 Tested the constitutionality of segregation.
 The Supreme Court ruled that the separation
of races in public accommodations was legal
and did not violate the 14th amendment.
 Facilities could be separate as long as equal
services were provided.

59. Turn of the Century Race Relations
 African Americans faced racial etiquette
 Regulated relationships between whites and
blacks.
 Usually belittled blacks
 Ex: blacks and whites never shook hands
 Blacks would have to yield the sidewalk to whites
and remove their hats when they encountered
them.

60.  Some moderate reformers like Booker T. won
support from whites.
 He suggested that whites and blacks work
together for social progress

61. Violence
 African Americans and others who did not
follow the social etiquette would fact severe
punishment or death.
 Many blacks accused of violating etiquette
were lynched.
 1882-1892 – more than 1400 men and women
were shot, burned, or hanged without trial.

62. Discrimination in the North
 African Americans were segregated in the
North.
 Faced discrimination in the workplace
 Unwelcome in labor unions
 Hired last and fired first
 Sometimes competition between white and black
employees became violent.

63. New York City Riot of 1900
 A young black man killed a white policeman
because he thought the policeman had
mistreated his wife.
 Word spread and whites began attacking
blacks.

64. Discrimination in the West
 Mexican Workers – hired more to construct rail lines
than any other ethnic group.
 Worked for less money than everyone else.
 Major labor force in the agricultural industry in S.
West.
 Many forced into debt patronage.
 Debt patronage – a system that bound laborers into
slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.

65. Excluding the Chinese
 Job competition with Chinese immigrants
caused the white people not to like them.
 They were segregated
 Strong opposition to immigration
 Chinese Exclusion Act – renewed indefinitely
in 1902.

66. THE DAWN OF MASS
CULTURE
Section 4

67. American Leisure
 Americans enjoyed

68. Amusement Parks
 most were constructed on the outskirts of
town.
 Trolley car companies often built them
 Had picnic grounds and a variety of rides.
 1884 the roller coaster drew daredevil
customers to Coney Island.

69. 1st Roller Coaster – Coney Island
1893.

70. 1st Ferris Wheel – Chicago 1893

71. Cycling
 At first they weren’t very safe
 Male only sport
 1885 manufacturers made them safer and
women began to ride.

72. Victor bicycle
 Dropped the frame and removed the crossbar.

73. bicycling

74. Results:
Change in wardrobe for women.

75. Quote by Susan B. Anthony
 “I think (bicycling) has done more to
emancipate women than anything else in the
world. It gives women a feeling of freedom
and self reliance.

76. Tennis
 Began in N. Wales in 1873
 Began in U.S. 1874

78. New Snacks

79. Coca Cola
 Created by a pharmacist as a cure for
headaches in 1886.
 Ingredients included extracts from Peruvian
leaves as well as African cola nuts.

80. Spectator Sports

82. Baseball
 1845 Alexander J. Cartwright organized the
first professional club in NY City.
 National League - 1876
 The American League – 1900
 1st World Series in 1903 between the Boston
Pilgrims and the Pittsburg Pirates.

83.  African Americans formed their own leagues
because they were not allowed in the other
ones.
 Negro National League
 Negro American League

84. Quote by Mark Twain about
baseball:
 “the very symbol …. And visible
expression of the drive and push and rush
and struggle of the raging, tearing,
booming nineteenth century.”

85. The Spread of Mass Culture
 Mass Circulation
Newspapers
 Joseph Pulitzer – a
Hungarian immigrant
 Bought the New York
World in 1883
 Created: the large
Sunday edition of the
paper
 Comics
 Sports coverage
 Women’s news
 His paper
emphasized “sin,
sex, and sensation”

86. William Randolph Hearst
 Owner of the NY Morning
Journal, the San Francisco
Examiner
 Sought to outdo Pulitzer by
filling the Journal with:
 exaggerated tales of
personal scandals,
 cruelty
 hypnotism
 an imaginary conquest of
Mars.

87. Circulation War
 War between the 2 papers drove both of them
to produce sensational news coverage.
 1898 – each paper printed more than one
million copies a day.

88. Promoting Fine Arts
 At least one art gallery graced every large city
by 1900.

89. Thomas Eakins
 From Philadelphia
 Embraced realism
 An artistic school
that attempted to
portray life as it is
really lived.
 1880s he also used
photography to
make studies of
people and animals.

91. Ashcan school of American art
 Led by Eakins’s
student, Robert
Henri
 Painted urban life
and working people.
 Soon challenged by
abstract art.

92. Henri’s Work

93. Popular Fiction
 Scholars debated on the role of literacy in
society.
 Some felt it should uplift America’s literary
taste by adding crime tales and Western
adventures.
 Most people preferred to read light fiction.

94. Hence the name dime novels.
They usually told glorified adventure tales of
the West.
Most sold for $.10

95. Deadwood Dick
 Popular dime novel
hero
 Edward Wheeler
published his first
novel in 1877 and
produced over 30
more in a decade.

96.  Some readers wanted a more realistic view of
American life.
 Writers of this style and period include
 Sarah Jewett
 Theodore Dreiser
 Stephen Crane
 Jack London
 Willa Cather

97. Mark Twain
 Samuel Langhorne
Clemens
 Novelist and
humorist
 Declared
independence of
literature
 Wrote
 The Adventures of
Tom Sawyer

98.  Many Americans did not have interest in high
culture or no access to it
 African Americans were excluded from visiting
museums and other white-controlled
institutions.

99. New Ways to Sell Goods
 Urban Shopping
 1st shopping center opened in Cleveland
Ohio in 1890.
 Jewelry, leather goods, stationery shops.
 The arcade provided band music on Sundays.
 Shopping districts formed where public transportation
could easily bring shoppers.

100. The Department Store
 Marshall Field of Chicago first brought the
department store concept to America.
 Learned he could influence women to
purchase things and the more attention he
gave them the more they bought.
 Motto “Give the lady what she wants.”
 Also pioneered bargain basement.

101. Marshall Field

102. The Chain Store
 Retail stores offering the same merchandise
under the same ownership.
 Sold goods for less by buying in quantity and
limiting personal service.
 1870 F. W. Woolworth – found that if things
were cheap the consumer would purchase it
on the spur of the moment.

103. 1911 – Woolworth had 596 stores

104. Advertising
 1865 costs were under $10 million a year
 1900 costs increased to $95 million a year
 Patent medicines – largest advertisers
 Soaps and baking powders came next

106. Catalogs and RFD
 Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck
brought retail merchandise to small towns.
 Ward’s catalog launched in 1872
 Sears started his company in 1886
 1910 – 10 million Americans shopped by mail
 1896 US Postal service introduced the RFD –
rural free delivery service.