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12. Indexing and Hashing in DBMS

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Chapter 12: Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],search-key pointer
Index Evaluation Metrics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ordered Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Indexing techniques evaluated on basis of:
Dense Index Files ,[object Object]
Sparse Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Sparse Index Files
Multilevel Index ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multilevel Index (Cont.)
Index Update: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Index Update: Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Secondary Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Secondary Index on balance field of account
Primary and Secondary Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B + -Tree Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],B + -tree indices are an alternative to indexed-sequential files.
B + -Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A B + -tree is a rooted tree satisfying the following properties:
B + -Tree Node Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Properties of a leaf node:
Non-Leaf Nodes in B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of a B + -tree B + -tree for account file ( n = 3)
Example of B + -tree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],B + -tree for account file ( n - 5)
Observations about B + -trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Queries on B + -Trees ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Queries on B +- Trees (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Result of splitting node containing Brighton and Downtown on inserting Clearview
Updates on B + -Trees: Insertion (Cont.) B + -Tree before and after insertion of “Clearview”
Updates on B + -Trees: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates on B + -Trees: Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion ,[object Object],Before and after deleting “Downtown”
Examples of B + -Tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Deletion of “Perryridge” from result of previous example
Example of B + -tree Deletion (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],Before and after deletion of “Perryridge” from earlier example
B + -Tree File Organization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B + -Tree File Organization (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example of B + -tree File Organization
B-Tree Index Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
B-Tree Index File Example ,[object Object]
B-Tree Index Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Hash File Organization (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hash file organization of account file, using branch-name as key (See figure in next slide.)
Example of Hash File Organization Hash file organization of account file, using branch-name as key (see previous slide for details).
Hash Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Handling of Bucket Overflows ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Handling of Bucket Overflows (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hash Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example of Hash Index
Deficiencies of Static Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Extendable Hash Structure In this structure, i 2 = i 3 = i , whereas i 1 = i – 1 (see next slide for details)
Use of Extendable Hash Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Updates in Extendable Hash Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],To split a bucket j when inserting record with search-key value K j :
Updates in Extendable Hash Structure (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Use of Extendable Hash Structure: Example Initial Hash structure, bucket size = 2
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Example (Cont.) Hash structure after insertion of Mianus record
Example (Cont.) Hash structure after insertion of three Perryridge records
Example (Cont.) ,[object Object]
Extendable Hashing vs. Other Schemes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Comparison of Ordered Indexing and Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Index Definition in SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multiple-Key Access ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Indices on Multiple Attributes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Suppose we have an index on combined search-key ( branch-name, balance ).
Grid Files ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Example Grid File for account
Queries on a Grid File ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Grid Files (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Bitmap Indices (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Efficient Implementation of Bitmap Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End of Chapter
Partitioned Hashing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sequential File For account Records
Deletion of “Perryridge” From the B + -Tree of Figure 12.12
Sample account File

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Flow Control in Data Communication DC21Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
Flow Control in Data Communication DC21
 
CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19CRC in Data Communication DC19
CRC in Data Communication DC19
 
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
Telephone Networn in Data Communication DC17
 
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
Multiplexing in Data Communication DC15
 
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
Transmission Media in Data Communication DC13
 

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12. Indexing and Hashing in DBMS