Women make significant economic contributions in India. They account for 32% of the workforce and contribute 41% to agriculture GDP. A study estimated women's contribution to India's GDP in 2004-05 was 20.52% or Rs. 562,162 crores, with 39% from agriculture. While women's employment and GDP growth rates are higher than men's in some sectors like agriculture, their economic role remains undervalued as most work is in the unorganized and domestic spheres without robust valuation methods. Gender inequality persists in India, though gender gaps in areas like education and health have been closing. Further promoting women's empowerment and equality is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
3. “some historians believe that it was woman who first domesticated crop
plants and thereby initiated the art and science of farming. While men
went out hunting in search of food, women started gathering seeds from
the native flora and began cultivating those of interest from the point of
view of food, feed, fodder, fiber and fuel.”
- Swaminathan
"Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante
sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah" ...
- Manu
Nasthree swathantryam arhathi (no women is eligible to be independent )
Aputrasya gathir nasthi ( there is no salvation for parents who donot have son)
Women in India continued to be oppressed because of these reasons also.
3
4. Flow of presentation
Introduction
Glossary and key concepts
Why does gender equality matter for growth
Contribution of women to Indian economy
Stock of the changes in gender outcomes in recent times
The persistence of gender inequality
Schemes related to women empowerment
4
Conclusion
5. Introduction
70% of world’s extreme poor are women.
In IndiaWomen contribute:
41% of Agriculture GDP
32% of work force.
Achievement of human development depends on
Empowerment of the 586 million women of India
(forming 48.46%) -2011 census most of them rural.
5
6. Millennium Development Goals
Eradicate poverty and hunger
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
6
7. GLOSSARY
Gender: social attributes, opportunities associated with
male & female, socially constructed and learned through
socialization processes, changes with time.
Gender equality: women & men should have equal
conditions for realizing their human rights and contributing,
benefiting from economic, social, cultural and political
development.
Gender equity: fairness of treatment towards women
and men, according to respective needs.
Empowerment: sense of independence.
7
8. KEY concepts
Gender gap:
The discrepancy in social and economic opportunities, education,
status, attitudes, wages, Incomes, access to capital, resources and so
on, between men and women.
Variables
1. Economic participation and opportunity – salaries, participation
levels, access to employment, skilled, unskilled
2. Educational attainment – basic and higher level education
3. Political empowerment – representation in decision-making structures
8
4. Health and survival – life expectancy and sex ratio
9. Global gender gap index ranking
Rank
Country
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
1
Iceland
0.7813
0.7836
0.7999
0.8276
0.8496
0.8530
2
Norway
0.7994
0.8059
0.8239
0.8227
0.8404
0.8404
3
Finland
0.7958
0.8044
0.8195
0.8252
0.8260
0.8383
4
Sweden
0.8133
0.8146
0.8139
0.8139
0.8024
0.8044
5
Ireland
0.7335
0.7457
0.7518
0.7597
0.7773
0.7830
16
United
Kingdom
0.7365
0.7441
0.7366
0.7402
0.7460
0.7462
17
United States
0.7042
0.7002
0.7179
0.7173
0.7411
0.7412
61
China
0.6561
0.6643
0.6878
0.6907
0.6881
0.6866
113
India
0.60
0.59
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.62
1- equality: 0- inequality (135 economies): No country in the world has equality; India is
moving towards equality!!!!
source: Global Gender Gap Report
9
10. Gender parity index
Socio-economic index to measure relative access
to education of males and females
GPI = Indicator value for females
Indicator value for Males
• IF GPI <1
• GPI=1
• GPI>1
10
unfavorable to females
parity of both females and males
favorable to females
11. Gender parity index
which state has greater gender disparity ?
Location 1
Location 2
GER for
Boys
GER for
Girls
GPI
GER for
Boys
GER for
Girls
GPI
86
73.1
0.85
54.9
52.7
0.96
Gross enrolment ratio for Girls = number of Girl students enrolled
of given age / population of girls of given age
GPI = GER for Girls/GER for boys = 52.7/54.9 = 0.96
Greater disparity exists in Location 1 than Location 2.
11
12. Sex ratio
Number of females per 1000 males
Balance of males and females in a society at a
given time
Sex ratio in India in 2011: 940 females per
1000 (implies there are 1063 males per
1000 females !!!!)
India ranks XXI in sex ratio
12
13. States with the high sex ratio
karnataka
968
Himachal Pradesh
974
Mizoram
975
Odisha
978
Meghalaya
986
Manipur
987
Chhattisgarh
991
andhra pradesh
Tamilnadu, Andhra
Pradesh have
relatively
better sex ratios than
Other States.
992
Tamil Nadu
Puducherry
995
1038
Kerala
1084
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_by_sex_ratio
13
14. Gender development index
“Gender-sensitive extension of the HDI”
used along with the HDI.
It addresses gender-gaps in life
expectancy, education, and income.
GDI assumes average life of women to be
14
5 years more than average life of men.
15. Though economic life of Women is > men – women get discriminated,
(For example, women do not get title to property – land)
Source: world development report 2012
15
16. Types of gender inequality
(1) Mortality inequality
(2) Natality inequality: preference to
Male child over female child results
in Female foeticide.
(3) Basic facility inequality
(4) Special opportunity inequality
16
19. Gender equality matters for
growth - is smart economics
Removing barriers for access to
productive inputs / services /
opportunities generate productivity gains
crucial for competitive, globalized world.
Misallocation of women’s skills and
talents adds to economic cost.
19
20. Gender differences in agriculture productivity disappear when
access to and use of productive inputs are considered
Source: world development report 2012
20
21. Women’s endowments, agency, and
21
opportunities shape those of next
generation.
If a male gets educated, the spread is
narrow.
If a female gets educated, the spread /
diffusion is much wider in the family.
Increasing women’s individual and
collective agency produces better
outcomes, institutions, and policy
choices.
22. GDP per capita and gender are positively
correlated (using data from 86 countries)
Index measures male
female differences in
labor force
participation, wages,
income, political
participation, and
number of technical
workers.
1- equality: 0- inequality
Source: world development report 2012
22
24. Percentage Distribution of Workers by Sector and Sex, 2004-05
Sl.
No
Sector
Informal
Formal
Total
Men
women
persons
Men
women
persons
Men
women
persons
1
Agricult
ure
57.01
40.67
97.68
1.51
0.81
2.32
58.52
41.48
100
2
Manufa
cturing
45.79
25.22
71.01
23.66
5.33
28.99
69.46
30.54
100
3
Trade
84.77
10.78
95.55
4.02
0.43
4.45
88.79
11.21
100
4
Educati
on
14.51
12.22
26.73
43.55
29.71
73.27
58.06
41.94
100
5
Househ
old
28.67
71.32
99.99
0.01
0.00
0.01
28.68
71.32
100
6
Grand
total
100 %
56.88
29.40
86.28
10.89
2.83
13.72
67.77
32.23
100
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy, Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
24
25. Percentage Distribution of Workers in Each
Industry by Sector and Sex, 2004-05 in India
figure: 5
Men
women
89
72
69
58
58
68
42
42
31
28
32
11
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy , Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
25
26. Annual Growth rate of Employment 1999-2004
Though growth rate is higher, their contribution is discounted
Sl.
No
Industry
group
Informal sector
Formal sector
Total
Men
women
persons
Men
women
persons
Men
women
persons
1.49
0.74
2.99
1.64
1
Agriculture
0.69
3.07
1.64
2.99
-0.99
2
Retail trade
3.77
1.98
3.51
-9.24
-14.33 -9.78
3.20
1.48
2.96
3
Education
2.20
0.36
1.33
4.10
8.48
5.75
3.82
6.83
5.00
4
Spinning,
weaving
3.14
8.69
5.62
3.49
5.10
3.70
3.27
8.33
5.09
5
Tobacco
products
1.52
2.88
2.59
13.49 2.49
5.50
4.18
2.81
3.12
6
Private
households
17.2
8
24.34
22.05
17.28
24.34
22.05
7
Total
2.18
3.67
2.70
2.26
3.74
2.76
2.73
4.57
3.13
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
26
27. Percentage Distribution of GDP in Each Industry Group
by Sector and Sex, 2004-05
Sl.
No.
Industry
group
Informal sector
Formal sector
Total
Men
women
persons
Men
women
persons
Men
women
Persons
55.14
39.34
94.48
3.60
1.92
5.52
58.74
41.26
100
1
Agricult
ure
2
Manufac 19.92
turing
6.91
26.84
62.06
11.10
73.16
81.99
18.01
100
3
Trade
8.42
75.08
22.04
2.88
24.92
88.70
11.30
100
4
Educatio 6.70
n
5.63
12.33
52.13
35.54
87.67
58.83
41.17
100
5
Private
32.43
househo
lds
62.86
95.29
3.54
1.17
4.71
35.97
64.03
100
Grand
38.25 11.69 49.94 41.97 8.09
50.06 80.22
total
100 %
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
19.78
100
6
66.66
27
28. Percentage Distribution of GDP in Each Industry Group
by Sector and Sex, 2004-05
Men
women
89
82
80
64
59
59
41
41
18
36
11
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
20
28
29. Growth Rates in GDP by Industry, Sector and
Sex between 1999-2000 and 2004-05
Women contribution growing at higher rate than men in key
sectors in India
Men
women
8
8
9
8.5
8
6
6
4
5.5
4
3
0.77
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy , Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
29
30. Estimated GDP Contribution of Women and Percentage Shares of Major
sectors.
N0.
Sector
Women contribution
to GDP (Rs Crores)
% of total in the
sector
% of sectoral GDP
of women to total
1
Agriculture
2,21,433
41 % is from Women
39 % of total
women
contribution is for
agriculture
2
Education
41,390
40.92
7.33
3
Retail trade
33 490
13.76
5.93
4
Banking &
financial
24,380
14.53
4.32
5
Construction
23,028
12.40
4.08
6
Public admin.&
defence
21,009
11.84
3.72
7
others
197432
8
Total
562 162
(Total GDP 27,42,253crore) 2004-05
34.93
20.52
99.51
30
31. ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN IN
TOTAL WOMEN GDP ACROSS SECTORS
Agriculture
39%
others
35%
Public admin.&
defence
4%
Construction
4%
Banking &
financial
4%
Education
8%
Retail trade
6%
Source: Contribution of Women to the National Economy by Raveendran, G.
ILO Asia-Pacific Working Paper Series
31
32. Women contribution to GDP is under valued ?
Domestic labor and care giving activities create intangible value
and social capital.
Women dominate in unorganized sector.
Out of 32% of total work force 30% work in informal sector.
Methodologies to value women’s total economic contribution are
not robust.
32
33. Calculating economic value of woman
1. Consider opportunity costs.
2. Cost of paying household help to do tasks
otherwise performed by the mother.
3. Payment for the same services in the
market.
33
34. Estimate of value of rural woman’s work (2006-07) in Bangladesh
Work done by rural woman (fulltime
housework)
Cooking (3 times/day, including preparation)
Clothes washing and ironing (2 days/week)
Animal nursing – cows, buffaloes, and so on
Raising chicken
Educating children (help in Homework, ..)
Sewing, mending clothes
Gardening
Washing utensils
Cleaning house and yard
Nursing the sick
Child care
Fuel collection
Water collection
Working in the field
Total
Hrs./day Value/hr
Value/day
6
1
1
0.5
0.75
2
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
16
60
10
10
5
37.5
5
10
5
5
40.7
5
5
5
10
213
10
10
10
10
50
2.5
10
10
10
81.3
10
10
10
10
13.13
Source: The Economic Contribution of Women in Bangladesh Through Per year – taka 77,800
34
their Unpaid Labor, BICD, 2006
India: Rs. 51,866
35. Rural Women estimated contribution to GDP is
double her Per capita income ?
Contribution of rural women to GDP in India is
Rs.51,866
Per capita income in India is Rs 22,483. (2006-
07)
Hence an amount equivalent to per capita income
35
of 40% of India's population is discounted in our
GDP computation, as rural working women form
20% percent of the total population.
36. Estimate of value of urban women’s work
Work done by urban women
Cooking (3 times /day, including
preparation)
Clothes washing and ironing (2
days/week)
Taking children to/ from school
Educating children (homework)
Child care
Sewing, mending
Washing dishes
Cleaning
Nursing
Gardening, shopping
total
Hrs./
day (A)
6
Value/ hour Value/ year
(B)
A*B*365.
3.13
6,844
0.5
13.18
2,520
1
2
2
1
1
0.5
0.5
1.5
16
15
83.33
6.16
8.22
6.57
3.29
81.25
38.35
259.11
5,475
60,833
4,500
3,000
2,400
600
14,828
20,998
INDIAN WOMEN – Rs. 81,330
taka1,21,9
96
36
Source: The Economic Contribution of Women in Bangladesh Through their Unpaid Labor, BICD
37. Stock of the Changes in Gender
Outcomes in Recent Times
37
38. FERTILITY RATE decline in developed and developing
nations
What took the US 100
years, took 40 years for
India and 10 years for Iran
Transaction costs of women development are lower wrt
fertility literacy
38
Source: world development report 2012
39. Literacy rate among the men and women in India,
1951-2011
Figure: 8
Census year
Source: census of India, 2011.
39
40. Gender parity in enrollments at lower levels achieved in
much of the world, higher education favor women
Source: world development report 2012
40
41. Labor participation.
The gender gap in
labor participation
narrowed between
1980 and 2008
Source: world development report 2012
41
43. Maternal mortality = 0 in Sweden in 2000; how other
countries compare with Sweden ?
Current Maternal mortality for India = 200
per 1 lakh births; Sweden had this in 1890.
Source: world development report 2012
43
44. Sex ratio of population and of children aged 0-6 year
in India, 1961-2011
Figure: 13
Child sex ratio is drastically falling in India. And this
impacts after 20 years, Total Sex ratio will fall drastically
Source: census of India, 2011.
44
45. In China death of girls increased between 1990 and 2008
In Africa, death of women increased, In India, female deaths reduced
Source: world development report 2012
45
46. why are so many missing girls at birth?
Source: world development report 2012
46
47. What explains excess morality among women in
reproductive ages?
Source: world development report 2012
47
48. Low women education - Female enrollment
remains very low
Current Female enrollment in schools in India = that
of USA in 1940, are we forward?
India
Source: world development report 2012
48
49. Women are spending more time per day on household work and child
care than men – leaving less educational opportunity
Source: world development report 2012
49
50. Who controls women income ?
In India, 78 % of
women have decision
making or control over
their income
Where as in Indonesia
and Philippines about
90% of the women
have control over their
own income.
Source: world development report 2012
50
51. Earning gaps between women and men (female earnings
relative to $1 of male earnings)
Indian salaried woman earning 0. 64$ for every $ earned by Man
Source: world development report 2012
51
53. States with GEP (V) consolidated indices, 1971 and
1991.
GEP (V) is
calculated by
consolidating
average
individual
indices for sex
ratio, female
literacy rate, %
area under
forest, normal
rainfall, % of
rural poor.
Kerala, Tripura, Mizoram.. are
least vulnerable where as
Bihar and Rajasthan are
highly vulnerable to
environmental degradation.
Forcing women to spend
More time in gathering
Fuel, fodder, water
For the family.
Source: Gender, Environment and poverty interlinks: regional variations
53
and temporal shifts in rural India, 1971-1991. Bina Agarwal, (Gender economist of India
54. Schemes related to women empowerment
By department of women and child
development, Karnataka.
54
55. 1. KARNATAKA MAHILA ABHIVRUDHI YOJANE (KMAY)
Date of commencement: 3-5-2003
Purpose: to monitor the scheme for inter-sectoral allocation of funds
for women (KMAY) to ensure gender equality and to integrate women
in the mainstream of development.
The strategy is to earmark 1/3rd resources for women
in individual beneficiary oriented schemes and labor intensive
schemes of various departments of Government.
55
56. 2. Bhagyalakshmi
Year of commencement: 2006.
Eligibility criteria: BPL Families and Families having income less than
17,000 Rs/year.
Benefits: Rs.19,300 will be deposited in the name of newly born girl child.
Purpose: To discourage the female foeticide.
3. Udyogini scheme:
Year of commencement: 2000-01
Eligibility criteria: Based on the kind of Training required and skills of the
applicant.
Benefits: Subsidized loans up to Rs.50,000. Subsidy up to 20% of loan
amount or Rs.7,500 direct support.
Purpose: For self- employment along with required training.
56
57. 4. Stree sakthi
Date of commencement: 18-10-2000.
Eligibility criteria: Group of 10 to 20 interested
women’s registered at the department.
Benefits: Loan up to 50,000 Rs per group and incentives to
groups having savings more than 1 lakh.
Purpose: To empower women economically and socially by organizing
them in self help groups.( At present 1,30,000 rural Stree Shakthi groups
have been formed in the state and 19.00 lakh women members have been
organized in these groups).
5. Scheme for Combating Trafficking of Women and Children
Year of commencement: 2006-07.
57
Training programmes were conducted to create awareness
among committee members at taluka and grama panchayat
level to sensitization on the issue of trafficking to the members
of the committees. A one day awareness programmes through rallies,
street plays etc.
58. 6. Hostel for girls
Eligibility criteria : Admissions to the hostels are available for
students residing in rural areas, whose family income is
less than Rs.10,000 /year and are studying in 6th Std. and above up
to post-matric courses.
Purpose:
enable girls from rural areas to pursue higher education and
reduce school drop out of girls.
7. Santhwana
Year of commencement : 2000-01
Purpose: to assist women who are victims of domestic violence,
sexual abuse and dowry harassment.
58
59. Benefit: It aims at providing legal assistance, temporary shelter,
financial relief and training to enable them to be self-reliant and also to
achieve social and economic empowerment. If the woman is in
immediate need of financial help an amount ranging from Rs. 2000/to a maximum of Rs. 10,000/- is sanctioned as financial relief.
8. SWADHAR – A scheme for women in difficult circumstances
purpose: Central sector scheme for providing holistic and integrated
services to women in difficult circumstances
Benefit: The package of services made available include provision
for food, clothing, shelter, health care , for the women and their
children below the age of 18 years. counseling and legal support, social
and economic rehabilitation through education, awareness generation,
skill up gradation.
59
60. Gender budgeting scheme grants for
researchers
Objective:
To
60
guide the Gender Budgeting Cells (GBCs) by
Ministries/Departments.
To provide assistance to develop training packages, material
and Information booklets for gender budgeting for all
stakeholders.
To provide assistance to support research studies, surveys to
Research Institutes, NGOs, etc for gender budgeting.
To pilot action on gender sensitive review of national policies
such as fiscal, monetary, environment, trade and so on.
Conduct gender based impact analysis, beneficiary needs
assessment and beneficiary incidence analysis.
61. ELIGIBILITY OF THE IMPLEMENTING
ORGANISATION/AGENCIES
Social Welfare Department, State Government
Women and Child Welfare Department, State
61
Government
Women’s Development Corporations
State Commissions for Women
Women’s Development Centers
Rural (PRI) & Urban Local Bodies
Voluntary Organizations with 3 years experience after
registration
Universities & UGC approved Institutions
Public Sector Undertakings etc
62. Grants under the scheme will include:
1. Grants for Research & Documentation
2. Grants for Training
3. Grants for Sustained and Combined
Research and Training Activities
62
63. PROSPECT
Policies to reduce gender gaps in human capital
63
endowments (health and education)
Reducing excess female mortality
Providing education to severely disadvantaged
populations
Releasing women’s time
Closing gaps in access to assets and inputs
Addressing discrimination in labor markets
Increasing women’s societal voice
Policies to prevent the gender inequality across
generations
Providing financial support
