2610 power point(2)

Leif Ericson and the Vikings?Leif Ericson and the Vikings?

L’Anse aux Meadows inL’Anse aux Meadows in
NewfoundlandNewfoundland

Restoration of L’Anse auxRestoration of L’Anse aux
MeadowsMeadows

Christopher Columbus?Christopher Columbus?

Jamestown, Virginia?Jamestown, Virginia?
(the first successful English colony)(the first successful English colony)

Models for M C HammerModels for M C Hammer
at early Jamestownat early Jamestown

The American Revolution?The American Revolution?

Who were the first Americans andWho were the first Americans and
when did they arrive?when did they arrive?
Aleuts (aka Eskimos) arrived in
what is now Alaska about 12,000 to
20,000 years ago

The first Americans were fromThe first Americans were from
Siberia?!Siberia?!

Early Americans were in the StoneEarly Americans were in the Stone
Age, technologicallyAge, technologically
Stone Age hand axes
Stone Age hunter (original color
photo from 12,000 BC, taken with
Stony digital camera)

Early Americans migrated throughEarly Americans migrated through
the ice fields of North America . . .the ice fields of North America . . .

Part of the ice field still exists, stillPart of the ice field still exists, still
1,000 feet thick1,000 feet thick

. . . through Central and South. . . through Central and South
AmericaAmerica

North American Plains IndiansNorth American Plains Indians

Many varieties of Indians by 1492Many varieties of Indians by 1492
Central
America
Brazil
Florida New Mexico
BrazilBrazil

EUROPEANEUROPEAN
DISCOVERY ANDDISCOVERY AND
COLONIZATIONCOLONIZATION

Gold, Glory, and GodGold, Glory, and God
Gold from the New World Glory for the mother
country
Bringing God to the Indians

New World claimed by severalNew World claimed by several
European countriesEuropean countries
Portuguese in Brazil
Spanish in North,
Central, and South
America
Russians in Alaska
(1740s)
French in Canada
and Louisiana
Several nations
in Caribbean

English colonies of North AmericaEnglish colonies of North America

Three types of colonial governmentThree types of colonial government
Royal: owned and controlled by king/queenRoyal: owned and controlled by king/queen
Corporate: owned by settlers’ corporationCorporate: owned by settlers’ corporation
Proprietary: owned by individual or small groupProprietary: owned by individual or small group

Roanoke Island: first EnglishRoanoke Island: first English
attempt at colonization failsattempt at colonization fails
(1584-1587)(1584-1587)

The “Lost Colony” of RoanokeThe “Lost Colony” of Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh, fancy
dresser and founder
of the colony of Roanoke
Only clue to disappearance of
colonists: the word “Croatoan”

The thirteen original coloniesThe thirteen original colonies

Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia (1607)(1607)
The first successful English colonyThe first successful English colony

Virginia, the First English ColonyVirginia, the First English Colony
(1607)(1607)
 Founded by the Virginia CompanyFounded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607)
 Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown
 John Smith to the rescueJohn Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09)
 ““The Starving Time”The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10)
 Indian wars and massacresIndian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622)
 Failure turns into successFailure turns into success (1612-)(1612-)
 Birth of slavery in the English coloniesBirth of slavery in the English colonies
(1660s)(1660s)

Early JamestownEarly Jamestown
Established on low, swampy, unhealthy site

Virginia, the first English colonyVirginia, the first English colony
(1607)(1607)
 Founded by the Virginia CompanyFounded by the Virginia Company (1607)(1607)
 Mistakes and problems at JamestownMistakes and problems at Jamestown
 John Smith to the rescueJohn Smith to the rescue (1608-09)(1608-09)
 ““The Starving Time”The Starving Time” (1609-10)(1609-10)
 Indian wars and massacresIndian wars and massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622)
 Failure turns into successFailure turns into success (1612-)(1612-)
 Birth of slavery in the English coloniesBirth of slavery in the English colonies
(1660s)(1660s)

““Smith – John Smith”Smith – John Smith”
The James Bond of the 1600sThe James Bond of the 1600s

Like James Bond, taken in andLike James Bond, taken in and
protected by half-naked womenprotected by half-naked women

Like James Bond, a knight inLike James Bond, a knight in
shining armor who always wonshining armor who always won

Wars with the local Indians, includingWars with the local Indians, including
two massacrestwo massacres (1611, 1622)(1611, 1622)

From failure to successFrom failure to success
 Developed tobacco as a cash cropDeveloped tobacco as a cash crop (1612)(1612)
 Developed the first representativeDeveloped the first representative
legislature in the New Worldlegislature in the New World (1619)(1619)
 Taken over by King James I and made aTaken over by King James I and made a
royal colonyroyal colony (1624)(1624)

John RolfeJohn Rolfe
Cartoon character, farmer, husbandCartoon character, farmer, husband
Putting the moves
on Pocahontas
Experimenting
with tobacco
Marrying Pocahontas

First Africans landed at JamestownFirst Africans landed at Jamestown
in 1619in 1619

Colonies in New EnglandColonies in New England

PlymouthPlymouth (1620)(1620)
 Settled by the Pilgrims (aka Separatists) to escapeSettled by the Pilgrims (aka Separatists) to escape
religious persecutionreligious persecution
 The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower Compact
 The First Thanksgiving? (nope)The First Thanksgiving? (nope)
 Eventually absorbed into MassachusettsEventually absorbed into Massachusetts (1691)(1691)

The First Thanksgiving?The First Thanksgiving?
Pilgrims and friendly Indians celebrate in 1621

Earlier ThanksgivingsEarlier Thanksgivings
 Native American tribes had similarNative American tribes had similar
celebrations for hundreds of yearscelebrations for hundreds of years
 Spanish explorers near El PasoSpanish explorers near El Paso (1598)(1598)
 English settlers at JamestownEnglish settlers at Jamestown (1619)(1619)

MassachusettsMassachusetts (1630)(1630)
 Settled by the Puritans for religious reasonsSettled by the Puritans for religious reasons
 Started on a much larger scaleStarted on a much larger scale
 Spun off other colonies in New EnglandSpun off other colonies in New England
 Second only to Virginia in wealth and powerSecond only to Virginia in wealth and power

New YorkNew York (1624 or 1664)(1624 or 1664)
 Settled by the Dutch for riches and empireSettled by the Dutch for riches and empire (1624)(1624)
Fur tradersFur traders
Farmers (patroons)Farmers (patroons)
 Captured by the EnglishCaptured by the English (1664)(1664)
 Duke of York = proprietorDuke of York = proprietor
 Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, &Along with Virginia, Pennsylvania, &
Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by 1776Massachusetts, one of the larger colonies by 1776

The purchase of Manhattan Island:The purchase of Manhattan Island:
Indians scam the EuropeansIndians scam the Europeans (1626)(1626)

The Duke of York:The Duke of York:
proprietor and fashion victimproprietor and fashion victim

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania (1682)(1682)
 Founded by William Penn as a religiousFounded by William Penn as a religious
haven for the Society of Friends (Quakers)haven for the Society of Friends (Quakers)
 Frame of GovernmentFrame of Government (1682)(1682)
 Quakers eventually outnumbered by non-Quakers eventually outnumbered by non-
QuakersQuakers

William PennWilliam Penn
Proprietor of PennsylvaniaProprietor of Pennsylvania
Notice any similarity?

Quaker women allowed to speakQuaker women allowed to speak
up in religious services!up in religious services!

The Quakers were moreThe Quakers were more
enlightened than their dogs.enlightened than their dogs.

Penn’sPenn’s Frame of GovernmentFrame of Government

GeorgiaGeorgia (1733)(1733)
 Founded by wealthy EnglishFounded by wealthy English
philanthropists, led by James Oglethorpephilanthropists, led by James Oglethorpe
 Motives for settlement of GeorgiaMotives for settlement of Georgia
 Dreamy, idealistic motives mostly failedDreamy, idealistic motives mostly failed
 Became royal colonyBecame royal colony (1753)(1753)

The Trustees (aka proprietors) ofThe Trustees (aka proprietors) of
GeorgiaGeorgia
James OglethorpeJames Oglethorpe
The London Trustees meet Indians from GeorgiaThe London Trustees meet Indians from Georgia

Silk worms were supposed toSilk worms were supposed to
support the settlers of Georgiasupport the settlers of Georgia
Silk worms eat mulberry leavesSilk worms eat mulberry leaves A mulberry leaf’s view ofA mulberry leaf’s view of
a silk worma silk worm

THE COLONIES AS PARTTHE COLONIES AS PART
OF THE ENGLISH EMPIREOF THE ENGLISH EMPIRE

MercantilismMercantilism
 Definition: an economic system to increase nationalDefinition: an economic system to increase national
wealth and power by heavy government regulationwealth and power by heavy government regulation
and control of the nation’s economyand control of the nation’s economy
 Aim: accumulate gold and silverAim: accumulate gold and silver
 Three elements:Three elements:
National self-sufficiencyNational self-sufficiency
Favorable balance of tradeFavorable balance of trade
Monopoly of trade in own empireMonopoly of trade in own empire

Enumerated commoditiesEnumerated commodities
sugarsugar cottoncotton
indigoindigo
tobaccotobacco

Shipbuilding in EnglandShipbuilding in England

No direct trade from other EuropeanNo direct trade from other European
countries to English coloniescountries to English colonies

THE ANGLO-FRENCHTHE ANGLO-FRENCH
CONFLICTCONFLICT (1680s-1780s)(1680s-1780s)

British and French struggle forBritish and French struggle for
control of North Americacontrol of North America

Competition for dominanceCompetition for dominance
between British and Frenchbetween British and French
Forming allies through tradeForming allies through trade
Building fortsBuilding forts
Fighting warsFighting wars

Five warsFive wars (1680s-1780s)(1680s-1780s)
 King William’s WarKing William’s War (1689-97)(1689-97)
 Queen Anne’s WarQueen Anne’s War (1702-13)(1702-13)
 King George’s WarKing George’s War (1740-48)(1740-48)
 French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War (1754-63)(1754-63)
 American War for IndependenceAmerican War for Independence (1776-83)(1776-83)

Iroquois warriorsIroquois warriors

Treaty of UtrechtTreaty of Utrecht (1713)(1713)
France loses territory in CanadaFrance loses territory in Canada
page178.jpg

French & Indian War begins inFrench & Indian War begins in
southwest Pennsylvaniasouthwest Pennsylvania (1754)(1754)
page173.jpg

Where the French & Indian WarWhere the French & Indian War
began: Fort Necessity in PAbegan: Fort Necessity in PA

Prime Minister William PittPrime Minister William Pitt

The Battle of QuebecThe Battle of Quebec (1759)(1759)

French & Indian War removesFrench & Indian War removes
French from North AmericaFrench from North America (1763)(1763)

Ad for Franklin’s Plan of UnionAd for Franklin’s Plan of Union

THE AMERICANTHE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION AS ANREVOLUTION AS AN
AFTERMATH OF THEAFTERMATH OF THE
FRENCH & INDIAN WARFRENCH & INDIAN WAR

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution (1789-99)(1789-99)

The Bolshevik Revolution in RussiaThe Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
(1917)(1917)

The Chinese RevolutionThe Chinese Revolution (1949)(1949)

Protesting the writs of assistanceProtesting the writs of assistance

Patrick Henry, denouncer of thePatrick Henry, denouncer of the
royal vetoroyal veto

The French threat is goneThe French threat is gone

Colonists protest British taxesColonists protest British taxes

THE EVENTS LEADINGTHE EVENTS LEADING
TO THE REVOLUTIONTO THE REVOLUTION

One of several stampsOne of several stamps
of the infamous Stamp Actof the infamous Stamp Act (1765)(1765)

““Can you believe this #x~+$!”Can you believe this #x~+$!”

““Damn if I pay that tax!”Damn if I pay that tax!”

Collecting the Townshend taxesCollecting the Townshend taxes
could get you tarred and featheredcould get you tarred and feathered

The “Boston massacre”The “Boston massacre”

Resistance to the Tea ActResistance to the Tea Act

Coercive (aka Intolerable) ActsCoercive (aka Intolerable) Acts
 Boston Port ActBoston Port Act: closed port of Boston: closed port of Boston
 Justice ActJustice Act: moved some trials to England: moved some trials to England
 Government ActGovernment Act: focused power on governor: focused power on governor
 Quartering ActQuartering Act: required colonists to provide: required colonists to provide
housing in their homes for British soldiershousing in their homes for British soldiers

A political cartoon protesting theA political cartoon protesting the
Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

The 1The 1stst
Continental Congress metContinental Congress met
in Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hallin Philadelphia’s Carpenter’s Hall

The midnight ride of Paul RevereThe midnight ride of Paul Revere
(and Samuel Prescott and William Dawes)(and Samuel Prescott and William Dawes)

The shooting startsThe shooting starts
at Lexington and Concordat Lexington and Concord

The “battle” of LexingtonThe “battle” of Lexington

Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill

British soldiers march up the hill inBritish soldiers march up the hill in
the Battle of Bunker Hillthe Battle of Bunker Hill

Thomas Paine and his pamphletThomas Paine and his pamphlet

Amendments to Jefferson’s draft ofAmendments to Jefferson’s draft of
the Declaration of Independencethe Declaration of Independence

Jefferson and his committee presentJefferson and his committee present
the Declaration of Independencethe Declaration of Independence
to Congressto Congress

Was the American RevolutionWas the American Revolution
“conservative”?“conservative”?
Purpose: toPurpose: to hold ontohold onto, to, to keepkeep, to, to preservepreserve the oldthe old
ways (pre-1750s) before all the recent troublesways (pre-1750s) before all the recent troubles
No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation
No strict enforcement of trade lawsNo strict enforcement of trade laws
No aggressive searchesNo aggressive searches
No king’s veto of colonial lawsNo king’s veto of colonial laws
No quartering of British soldiers in homesNo quartering of British soldiers in homes

THE AMERICAN WARTHE AMERICAN WAR
OF INDEPENDENCEOF INDEPENDENCE

Von Steuben curses his AmericanVon Steuben curses his American
students at Valley Forgestudents at Valley Forge

The Marquis de Lafayette: a majorThe Marquis de Lafayette: a major
general at age 20general at age 20

The first U.S. constitution:The first U.S. constitution:
The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

Washington crosses the DelawareWashington crosses the Delaware
River on his way toRiver on his way to
the Battle of Trentonthe Battle of Trenton

George and the Americans kickGeorge and the Americans kick
some Hessian butt at Trentonsome Hessian butt at Trenton

Horatio Gates and “GentlemanHoratio Gates and “Gentleman
Johnny” BurgoyneJohnny” Burgoyne

The Battle of SaratogaThe Battle of Saratoga
Who could fight in hats like those?Who could fight in hats like those?

Washington and Lafayette shiverWashington and Lafayette shiver
with the troops at Valley Forgewith the troops at Valley Forge

The Americans and the FrenchThe Americans and the French
close in on Cornwallis at Yorktownclose in on Cornwallis at Yorktown

Washington and CornwallisWashington and Cornwallis

The British surrenderThe British surrender
at Yorktown, Virginiaat Yorktown, Virginia (1781)(1781)

The guy who really defeated theThe guy who really defeated the
British at Yorktown and won theBritish at Yorktown and won the
war: The Patriotwar: The Patriot

U.S. representatives at Paris peaceU.S. representatives at Paris peace
talks: Franklin, Jay, Adamstalks: Franklin, Jay, Adams

Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (1783)(1783)
 British recognized U.S. independenceBritish recognized U.S. independence
 Boundaries: Great LakesBoundaries: Great Lakes
Mississippi RiverMississippi River
Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida
 British agreed to leave U.S. soil immediatelyBritish agreed to leave U.S. soil immediately
 Americans’ debts to British = validatedAmericans’ debts to British = validated
 Congress urged states to restore rights ofCongress urged states to restore rights of
the Loyalists (aka Tories)the Loyalists (aka Tories)

The Treaty of Paris changed theThe Treaty of Paris changed the
map of North Americamap of North America

THE CRITICAL PERIODTHE CRITICAL PERIOD
OF AMERICANOF AMERICAN
HISTORYHISTORY

The Critical PeriodThe Critical Period
Thumbs up or down on the USA?Thumbs up or down on the USA?

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

Independence Hall in PhiladelphiaIndependence Hall in Philadelphia
Site of the constitutional conventionSite of the constitutional convention

George Washington presides at theGeorge Washington presides at the
Philadelphia ConventionPhiladelphia Convention

The room where the constitutionThe room where the constitution
was written, as it appeared in 1787was written, as it appeared in 1787

Players at the constitutionalPlayers at the constitutional
conventionconvention
James MadisonJames Madison
Roger ShermanRoger Sherman
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
George WashingtonGeorge Washington

Patrick Henry didn’t attend. Said hePatrick Henry didn’t attend. Said he
“smelled a rat.”“smelled a rat.”

The FederalistThe Federalist and its authorsand its authors
HamiltonHamilton MadisonMadison
JayJay

Ratification celebration in New YorkRatification celebration in New York

George Mason & James MadisonGeorge Mason & James Madison
Authors of the Bill of RightsAuthors of the Bill of Rights

THE NEW NATIONTHE NEW NATION
STRUGGLES TOSTRUGGLES TO
SURVIVESURVIVE

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton
11stst
Secretary of the TreasurySecretary of the Treasury

Hamilton’s fiscal planHamilton’s fiscal plan
 Pay off the entire debt, federal and statePay off the entire debt, federal and state
 Raise revenue with high tariff + new taxesRaise revenue with high tariff + new taxes
 Create a national bankCreate a national bank

Funding and assumptionFunding and assumption
 Funding: accumulating enough money toFunding: accumulating enough money to
pay off a debtpay off a debt
 Assumption: the federal government paysAssumption: the federal government pays
off (assumes) debts owed by the statesoff (assumes) debts owed by the states

Bank of the United StatesBank of the United States
in Philadelphiain Philadelphia

Strict and loose constructionStrict and loose construction
 Strict constructionStrict construction: if X isn’t listed in plain: if X isn’t listed in plain
language in the Constitution as a power oflanguage in the Constitution as a power of
the federal government, then the federalthe federal government, then the federal
government has no power to do Xgovernment has no power to do X
 Loose constructionLoose construction: the federal government: the federal government
does have the power to do X ifdoes have the power to do X if
(1) X isn’t(1) X isn’t prohibitedprohibited in the Constitution andin the Constitution and
(2) X helps the government carry out any of(2) X helps the government carry out any of
its regular, listed (i.e., specified) powersits regular, listed (i.e., specified) powers

The Jay Treaty made JayThe Jay Treaty made Jay
unpopularunpopular
Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won'tDamn John Jay! Damn everyone that won't
damn John Jay! Damn every one that won'tdamn John Jay! Damn every one that won't
put lights in his window and sit up allput lights in his window and sit up all
night damning John Jay!night damning John Jay!
A common complaint at the time:A common complaint at the time:

Pres. John Adams kept the navalPres. John Adams kept the naval
war with France undeclaredwar with France undeclared

Jefferson and Hamilton led the firstJefferson and Hamilton led the first
two political partiestwo political parties
Leader of the Democratic RepublicansLeader of the Democratic Republicans Leader of the FederalistsLeader of the Federalists
Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

The visions of Jefferson andThe visions of Jefferson and
Hamilton for the new nationHamilton for the new nation
 Jefferson:Jefferson: democratic, agrarian societydemocratic, agrarian society
broad diffusion of wealthbroad diffusion of wealth
sympathies with debtorssympathies with debtors
feared centralized powerfeared centralized power
trusted people’s abilitiestrusted people’s abilities
 Hamilton:Hamilton: balanced economybalanced economy
federal aid to industry, commercefederal aid to industry, commerce
sympathies with creditorssympathies with creditors
favored centralized powerfavored centralized power
distrusted people’s abilities to govern themselvesdistrusted people’s abilities to govern themselves

Pres. Washington reviews thePres. Washington reviews the
troops sent to suppress thetroops sent to suppress the
whiskey rebelswhiskey rebels

Pres. John Adams signed the AlienPres. John Adams signed the Alien
& Sedition Acts& Sedition Acts (1798)(1798)

Authors of the Kentucky & VirginiaAuthors of the Kentucky & Virginia
Resolutions and best budsResolutions and best buds
Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson James MadisonJames Madison

THE NEW NATIONTHE NEW NATION
GROWS UPGROWS UP
The Virginia DynastyThe Virginia Dynasty
1801-251801-25

Candidates in the election of 1800Candidates in the election of 1800
JeffersonJefferson
Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican
BurrBurr
Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican
AdamsAdams
FederalistFederalist

MarburyMarbury vsvs. Madison. Madison
Justice of the PeaceJustice of the Peace
William MarburyWilliam Marbury
Secretary of StateSecretary of State
James MadisonJames Madison

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

Key figuresKey figures
in the Louisiana Purchasein the Louisiana Purchase

Key figuresKey figures
in the Louisiana Purchasein the Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon wanted to sellNapoleon wanted to sell Jefferson wanted to buyJefferson wanted to buy

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Raising of the U.S. flag over theRaising of the U.S. flag over the
Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Trail of Lewis & Clark (1804-06)Trail of Lewis & Clark (1804-06)

The War of 1812The War of 1812
 CausesCauses
 U.S. advantages and disadvantagesU.S. advantages and disadvantages
 Treaty of Ghent (1814)Treaty of Ghent (1814)
 Battle of New Orleans (1814-15)Battle of New Orleans (1814-15)
 SignificanceSignificance

The HMSThe HMS LeopardLeopard fires on the USSfires on the USS
ChesapeakeChesapeake (1807)(1807)

The British navy “impresses” sailorsThe British navy “impresses” sailors
on U.S. shipson U.S. ships

The British burn Washington, DCThe British burn Washington, DC
18141814

The British approach New OrleansThe British approach New Orleans

General Andrew JacksonGeneral Andrew Jackson

The British attack Gen. Jackson’sThe British attack Gen. Jackson’s
“motley crew”“motley crew”

The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans

Down go the British! Down go theDown go the British! Down go the
British!British!

The 2The 2ndnd
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia (1816-36)(1816-36)

Old Supreme Court chamber whereOld Supreme Court chamber where
McCulloch vs. Maryland was decidedMcCulloch vs. Maryland was decided

The 36-30 line split the LouisianaThe 36-30 line split the Louisiana
PurchasePurchase

President James Monroe warnedPresident James Monroe warned
the Euroweenies to back offthe Euroweenies to back off

THE RISE OF THETHE RISE OF THE
“COMMON MAN”“COMMON MAN”
The Jacksonian PeriodThe Jacksonian Period
1820s-1830s1820s-1830s

Major candidates in the presidentialMajor candidates in the presidential
election of 1824election of 1824
Secretary of the TreasurySecretary of the Treasury
William CrawfordWilliam Crawford
Secretary of StateSecretary of State
John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams
Speaker of theSpeaker of the
HouseHouse
Henry ClayHenry Clay
SenatorSenator
Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Nationalist wing of the partyNationalist wing of the party
 22ndnd
 Protective (higher) tariffsProtective (higher) tariffs
 Strong central governmentStrong central government
 Loose constructionLoose construction
 Henry Clay, J. A. Adams, Daniel WebsterHenry Clay, J. A. Adams, Daniel Webster

Traditional wing of the partyTraditional wing of the party
Suspicious of all banksSuspicious of all banks
Low (revenue) tariffsLow (revenue) tariffs
States’ rights, laissez faire, strictStates’ rights, laissez faire, strict
constructionconstruction
Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren,Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren,
John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

An ad for Andrew Jackson, “theAn ad for Andrew Jackson, “the
man of the people”man of the people”

Jackson’s political philosophyJackson’s political philosophy
 States rightsStates rights
 Laissez faireLaissez faire
 Strict constructionStrict construction
 Suspicion of banksSuspicion of banks
 President = “tribune ofPresident = “tribune of
the people”the people”

The “common man” at Jackson’sThe “common man” at Jackson’s
inauguration partyinauguration party (1828)(1828)

The 2The 2ndnd
B.U.S. and its presidentB.U.S. and its president
Nicholas BiddleNicholas Biddle

Andy Jackson fights “the monster”Andy Jackson fights “the monster”

Jackson the way his opponentsJackson the way his opponents
saw him – as “King Andrew” thesaw him – as “King Andrew” the
tyranttyrant

Jackson and Calhoun disagreed onJackson and Calhoun disagreed on
nullificationnullification
President Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson Vice-President John C. CalhounVice-President John C. Calhoun

ANTI-SLAVERY ANDANTI-SLAVERY AND
PRO-SLAVERYPRO-SLAVERY

Slavery has existed for thousandsSlavery has existed for thousands
of yearsof years

Where the slaves came from andWhere the slaves came from and
where they wentwhere they went

Quakers openly criticized slaveryQuakers openly criticized slavery
as early as the 1750sas early as the 1750s

““All men are created equal. . .”All men are created equal. . .”

The American Colonization SocietyThe American Colonization Society

William Lloyd Garrison and hisWilliam Lloyd Garrison and his
newspaper,newspaper, The LiberatorThe Liberator

The Nat Turner uprising in Virginia:The Nat Turner uprising in Virginia:
Contemporary news accountContemporary news account

The “positive good” defense ofThe “positive good” defense of
slavery painted slaves as happyslavery painted slaves as happy

THE NATION BEGINSTHE NATION BEGINS
TO CRACKTO CRACK
The Sectional CrisisThe Sectional Crisis
1840s-1850s1840s-1850s

Stephen F. Austin broughtStephen F. Austin brought
immigrants from U.S. to Texasimmigrants from U.S. to Texas

Leaders at the Battle of the AlamoLeaders at the Battle of the Alamo
William TravisWilliam Travis James BowieJames Bowie Davy CrockettDavy Crockett
Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Scenes from the Battle of theScenes from the Battle of the
AlamoAlamo

The Battle of San JacintoThe Battle of San Jacinto

Americans fulfilled their “ManifestAmericans fulfilled their “Manifest
Destiny” by moving westDestiny” by moving west

Border dispute: the Rio Grande orBorder dispute: the Rio Grande or
the Nueces?the Nueces?

Three theaters of combat in theThree theaters of combat in the
U.S.-Mexican WarU.S.-Mexican War

Gen. Winfield Scott leads anGen. Winfield Scott leads an
amphibious invasion into Mexicoamphibious invasion into Mexico

The U.S. Army captured MexicoThe U.S. Army captured Mexico
City in September 1847City in September 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles to U.S.Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles to U.S.
(everything from Texas to the Pacific Ocean)(everything from Texas to the Pacific Ocean)
 Mexico accepts Rio Grande as Texas borderMexico accepts Rio Grande as Texas border
 U.S. pays Mexico $15 millionU.S. pays Mexico $15 million
 U.S. pays Mexico’s debts ($3.25 million) to U.S.U.S. pays Mexico’s debts ($3.25 million) to U.S.
citizenscitizens

The Mexican CessionThe Mexican Cession (1848)(1848)

Should slavery be allowed toShould slavery be allowed to
spread into Mexican Cession?spread into Mexican Cession?
 Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso (1846)(1846): Congress should say: Congress should say
“no”“no”
 Calhoun’s Senate resolutions:Calhoun’s Senate resolutions: (1847)(1847) : the: the
Constitution says “yes”Constitution says “yes”
 Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty (1848)(1848): settlers in the: settlers in the
territories should decide, yes or noterritories should decide, yes or no

Another sectional disagreement:Another sectional disagreement:
fugitive slavesfugitive slaves

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850
 California admitted into Union as free stateCalifornia admitted into Union as free state
 Utah and New Mexico organized as territories with popularUtah and New Mexico organized as territories with popular
sovereigntysovereignty
 Slave trade banned in District of ColumbiaSlave trade banned in District of Columbia
 Stronger fugitive law passedStronger fugitive law passed
 Texas accepted smaller, present borders for $10 million (toTexas accepted smaller, present borders for $10 million (to
pay off state debt)pay off state debt)

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850
changed the mapchanged the map

Buying and selling of slaves nowBuying and selling of slaves now
banned in District of Columbiabanned in District of Columbia

New fugitive-slave law made it easierNew fugitive-slave law made it easier
for owners to catch runawaysfor owners to catch runaways

Texas accepted its smaller, presentTexas accepted its smaller, present
borders for $10 millionborders for $10 million

Harriet Beecher Stowe and anHarriet Beecher Stowe and an
advertisement for her noveladvertisement for her novel

Senator Stephen A. Douglas of IllinoisSenator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois

The gold rush showed the need forThe gold rush showed the need for
a transcontinental railroada transcontinental railroad

A transcontinental railroad fromA transcontinental railroad from
Chicago would have to crossChicago would have to cross
unorganized wildernessunorganized wilderness

Woman gathering “buffalo chips” forWoman gathering “buffalo chips” for
fuel in the unorganized wildernessfuel in the unorganized wilderness

Sen. Douglas created two newSen. Douglas created two new
territories with popular sovereigntyterritories with popular sovereignty

Dred Scott andDred Scott and
Chief Justice Roger B. TaneyChief Justice Roger B. Taney

Scott and his owner’s family movedScott and his owner’s family moved
to free territory (now Minnesota)to free territory (now Minnesota)

Dred Scott’s courthouse is in theDred Scott’s courthouse is in the
shadow of the St. Louis archshadow of the St. Louis arch

The U.S. Supreme Court chamberThe U.S. Supreme Court chamber
for the Dred Scott casefor the Dred Scott case

Robert E. Lee before the Civil WarRobert E. Lee before the Civil War

The Marines assault the fire stationThe Marines assault the fire station

The fire station later became aThe fire station later became a
tourist attractiontourist attraction

The courtroom for John Brown’sThe courtroom for John Brown’s
trial in Virginiatrial in Virginia

Four major candidates for presidentFour major candidates for president
in 1860in 1860
Senator Stephen A. DouglasSenator Stephen A. Douglas
Vice President John C. BreckinridgeVice President John C. Breckinridge
Former U.S. senatorFormer U.S. senator
John BellJohn Bell
Former U.S.Former U.S.
RepresentativeRepresentative
AbrahamAbraham
LincolnLincoln

Platforms of the four partiesPlatforms of the four parties
 Douglas Democrats: popular sovereigntyDouglas Democrats: popular sovereignty
and Unionand Union
 Southern Democrats: CongressionalSouthern Democrats: Congressional
protection of slavery in territories,protection of slavery in territories,
acquire Cubaacquire Cuba
 Constitutional Unionists: preserve theConstitutional Unionists: preserve the
Union, accept Dred Scott decisionUnion, accept Dred Scott decision
 Republicans: oppose spread of slavery,Republicans: oppose spread of slavery,
preserve the Unionpreserve the Union

The Democratic party pulling apartThe Democratic party pulling apart

Lincoln won the electoral vote byLincoln won the electoral vote by
winning in the Northwinning in the North

South Carolina seceded firstSouth Carolina seceded first

The southern states seceded in twoThe southern states seceded in two
waves (winter & spring 1860-61)waves (winter & spring 1860-61)

Spelling is importantSpelling is important
 Secede – not “succeed”Secede – not “succeed”
 Secession – not “succession”Secession – not “succession”

THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR
1861-18651861-1865

Trouble at Fort Sumter inTrouble at Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SCCharleston, SC

Commanders at Fort Sumter:Commanders at Fort Sumter:
Robert Anderson and P.G.T. BeauregardRobert Anderson and P.G.T. Beauregard

First shots of the Civil War fired atFirst shots of the Civil War fired at
Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

Location of the Battle of AntietamLocation of the Battle of Antietam
(aka Sharpsburg)(aka Sharpsburg)

Commanders at Antietam:Commanders at Antietam:
Robert E. Lee and George B. McClellanRobert E. Lee and George B. McClellan

Antietam: first battlefield in historyAntietam: first battlefield in history
photographed soon after the shootingphotographed soon after the shooting

Significance of the AntietamSignificance of the Antietam
campaigncampaign
 Bloodiest day of war and U.S. historyBloodiest day of war and U.S. history
 Ended Lee’s invasionEnded Lee’s invasion
 Ended threat of European interventionEnded threat of European intervention
 Led directly to Emancipation ProclamationLed directly to Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation
freed most (not all) of the slavesfreed most (not all) of the slaves

The Confederate view of LincolnThe Confederate view of Lincoln
and the Emancipation Proclamationand the Emancipation Proclamation

A northern cartoon celebrating theA northern cartoon celebrating the
Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

The commanders at Gettysburg:The commanders at Gettysburg:
George G. Meade & Robert E. LeeGeorge G. Meade & Robert E. Lee

How the two armies arrived atHow the two armies arrived at
GettysburgGettysburg

Some of the dead at GettysburgSome of the dead at Gettysburg

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge
High tide of the ConfederacyHigh tide of the Confederacy
18631863
1913 re-enactment by former1913 re-enactment by former
Confederates who made the originalConfederates who made the original
charge fifty years earliercharge fifty years earlier

Commanders at VicksburgCommanders at Vicksburg
U.S. Grant and John C. PembertonU.S. Grant and John C. Pemberton

Vicksburg, MississippiVicksburg, Mississippi

A roundabout way to VicksburgA roundabout way to Vicksburg

The long siege forced civilians toThe long siege forced civilians to
live in caves they duglive in caves they dug

The capture of Vicksburg split theThe capture of Vicksburg split the
Confederacy in twoConfederacy in two

Commanders at Chattanooga:Commanders at Chattanooga:
U.S. Grant & Braxton BraggU.S. Grant & Braxton Bragg

Chattanooga was a barrier to theChattanooga was a barrier to the
heart of the Confederacyheart of the Confederacy

The charge up Missionary Ridge atThe charge up Missionary Ridge at
the Battle of Chattanoogathe Battle of Chattanooga

Significance of the ChattanoogaSignificance of the Chattanooga
campaigncampaign
 Cut lines of communication inCut lines of communication in
ConfederacyConfederacy
 Opened door into Deep SouthOpened door into Deep South
 Led to capture of Atlanta and Sherman’sLed to capture of Atlanta and Sherman’s
March to the SeaMarch to the Sea

Sherman’s “March to the Sea”Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

Commanders at the siege ofCommanders at the siege of
Petersburg: Grant and LeePetersburg: Grant and Lee

Trenches around Petersburg andTrenches around Petersburg and
RichmondRichmond

The Petersburg mine explosionThe Petersburg mine explosion

Union soldiers trapped in the craterUnion soldiers trapped in the crater
at Petersburgat Petersburg

Typical Confederate soldier at TheTypical Confederate soldier at The
Crater and his typical squeezeCrater and his typical squeeze

Lee’s surrender at AppomattoxLee’s surrender at Appomattox

GOOD LUCK ON YOURGOOD LUCK ON YOUR
FINAL EXAMS!FINAL EXAMS!

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