1. The ruins of Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church. It was bombed by the Allies and is preserved today as World War II monument. As Europe enters the 20th century, powerful forces such as nationalism, colonialism, and industrialization plunge the continent into two world wars. NEXT Unit 4 Europe: War and Change

2. What caused the creation of European Empires? NEXT Section 1 European Empires

3. The Spread of Nationalism New Ideas Sweep Europe • Late 1800s rise in nationalism —strong pride in nation, ethnic group occurs. — ethnic people share languages, & traditions European Empires Constitutional Monarchies • Nationalism is fueled by people’s ability to vote - citizens strongly support, defend governments they elect • By 1900, many nations are constitutional monarchies - have monarch whose power is limited by an elected ruling body

4. The Defense of Colonial Empires • Early 1900s is period of colonialism - many Western European countries have Asian , African colonies. - Colonies supply raw materials for production, markets for goods - Nations spend money on armies, navies to defend colonies, borders The Spread of Nationalism NEXT Map

5. Austria-Hungary • Most Western, Northern European nations are industrialized by 1900 • Austria-Hungary is largest Eastern European empire in 1900 - dual monarchy —one ruler governs two nations - includes parts of Romania, Czech Republic, & Poland The Spread of Nationalism

6. During the first half of the 20th century, European countries fight each other over land, wealth, and ideals. NEXT Section 2 Europe at War

7. The World at War World War I Alliances • To defend themselves, countries join alliances - agreements among people, nations to unite for a common cause - members promise to defend each other if any of them are attacked Europe at War NEXT Continued . . . What is the PROBLEM with Alliances ? One event could drag all countries involved… …

10. NEXT A Costly War • Allies blame Germany for much of killing, damage of war • In 1919, Germany, Allies sign Treaty of Versailles - forces Germany to pay for damage to Allies, give up valuable territory Europe After World War I: Outcomes

11. • In 1930s, Germany is still paying damages, economy is ruined • In 1933, Adolf Hitler, is elected through the National Socialist (Nazi) Party • Nazi Party believes in fascism: - strong, central government controlled by military & led by dictator - extreme patriotism, nationalism, racist beliefs World War II How did Hitler Rises to Power?

12. Hitler and the Nazi Party • Hitler blames Jewish Germans and other ethnic minorities for the nation’s problems. - Nazis send Jews, & others to concentration camps= Holocaust millions are deliberately killed. • Hitler invades Poland in 1939, beginning World War II - invades: Belgium, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Norway, USSR (June 1941) WWII Alliances • U.S. enters war when Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in late 1941

14. Ruler of Steel: Communist leader • Joseph Stalin rules after 1924 East Against West NEXT Soviet Control of Eastern Europe • Puppet governments do what they’re told by an outside force • Eastern Europeans vote, but have one-party system - all parties other than Communist Party are outlawed - citizens can be jailed for stating views their leaders don’t like

15. The Five-Year Plans • Under Stalin, government controls every aspect of life • Five-year plans are economic goals - government decides what goods to produce Soviet Agriculture • In 1930s, peasants are moved to government-owned collective farms • Workers, families face food shortages NEXT