10. Most commonly brachial artery injury, and if left untreated could lead to Volkmann's contracture (permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand and fingers).
12. T – among the commonest fractures in children (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 311)
13. F – can cause compartment syndrome (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1269576-treatment)
14. F – Occur as a complication of fracture of the lateral condyle of the humerus, which may lead to tardy ulnar nerve palsy. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitus_valgus)
15. F – Existence of collateral arteries (Netter 4th edition page 434)
16. T – distal fragment may be displaced and / or tilted either posteriorly / anteriorly / medially / laterally / rotated (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 311)
31. T – so-called ‘dinner for deformity’ (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 324)
32. F – dorsal displacement of the distal fragment of the radius (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 324)
33. F – control manual reduction is sufficient if its displaced (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 324)
34. T – can cause stiffness if it the joint is not being used for movement (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 324)
35. F – Tear of extensor pollicis longus (EPL) a few weeks after fracture (Apley’s concise 3rd edition page 325)
36.
37. The Shenton line is an imaginary line drawn along the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus(superior border of the obturator foramen) and along the inferomedial border of the neck of femur. This line should be continuous and smooth.
50. Operative treatment is almost mandatory. Displaced fracture will not unite without internal fixation. Impacted fracture can be left to unite, but there is always a risk that they may become displaced, even while lying in bed, so fixation is safer.
100. T bone cyst (a local benign condition) (http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=859111436)
101. T previous traumatic fracture (pathological fracture is due to pathologic bone-weakening condition) (http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/p/pathological_fracture/causes.htm)
102. T secondary to bone tumour ( osteosarcoma, osteoblastoma, metastatic tumors) (http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/p/pathological_fracture/causes.htm) (http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=859111436)
103. The common sites of fractures in patients with osteoporosis are :
104. Femoral neck (True) (typical fragility occurs in vertebral column, hip, ribs , and wrist) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis
111. Is caused by forced adduction and internal rotation (False) (by forced abduction and external rotation of the soulder) (APLEY’S CONCISE SYSTEM OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND FRACTURES, THIRD EDITION, page 306)
112. Causes the head of the humerus to end up just below the coracoids process (True) ( X-ray shows head of humerus lying below and medial to the socket) (APLEY’S CONCISE SYSTEM OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND FRACTURES , THIRD EDITION, page 306)
113. Is less common occurred as compare to posterior dislocation (False) (humeral head displacement is usually anterior, less often posterior) (APLEY’S CONCISE SYSTEM OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND FRACTURES , THIRD EDITION, page 306)
114. Would result in axillary nerve injury as a complication (True) (The axillary nerve may be injured) (APLEY’S CONCISE SYSTEM OF ORTHOPAEDICS AND FRACTURES , THIRD EDITION, page 306)
115.
116. Pain in leg (unilateral or bilateral) that starts in the buttocks and travels down the back of the thighs and legs (sciatica)
117. Numbness in the groin or area of contact if sitting on the saddle (perineal or saddle paresthesia)
143. Elderly patient refuse to use above knee prostheses because of the high energy requirement T
144.
145. 27Achilles tendon ruptureACommon in people > 40 years oldTApley’s pg 250BSimmond’s test positiveThttp://web.jbjs.org.uk/cgi/reprint/74-B/2/314.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmDi08rlR3IUsed to test for rupture of tendo achillis. Positive when no movement of plantarflexion when the culf is squeeze or pushed while the patient is prone and the foot is hanging by the side of the bed.CResult in difficult to walk tip-toeTPatient unable to tiptoe. (Apley’s pg 250).DCannot be treat non-operativelyFImmobilization by plaster is still needed with or without surgery and is worn for 8 weeks with the foot in equines. Shoe with raised heel worn for a further 6 weeks. (apley’s pg 250).Lockable brace is a more sophisticated alternative. (apley’s pg 250).ETreatment via surgical reconstruction will result in wound dehiscence asThttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/achilles_tendon_rupture/page7_em.htm#Surgeryhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/85024-treatment
146.
147. Occur when bleeding or edema increases the pressure in one of the osteofascial compartment beyond systemic blood pressure. F
169. Select the appropriate antibiotics using direct culture results in samples from the infected site, whenever possible.
170. Empiric therapy is often initiated on the basis of the patient's age and the clinical presentation.
171. Empiric therapy should always include coverage for S aureus and consideration of CA-MRSA.
172.
173. Paralysis of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle , resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder. Paralysis of deltoid & teres minor results in Flat shoulder deformity.
176. = following the age, if the onset of the Perthes’ disease under the age of 6, it is favorable prognostic sign where they need no active treatment and have to be put under follow up. While, if the onset >6 years old, it is unfavorable sign (poor prognosis) and they need treatment by containment of the femoral head. (‘containment’= keeping the femoral head well seated within the acetabulum)
177. (ref: Apley’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Fractures)
183. (ref: Apley’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/radiographic_evaluation_of_perthes_disease, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/410482-overview.)
185. = Duration of the hip pain did not become one of the prognostic features of Perthes’ disease as usually the children will feel intermittent pain for several weeks to months as they often did not complaint about it. The prognostic features for Perthes disease mostly based on age and x-ray appearance.
186. (ref: Apley’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Fractures, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826935-