1. The
Enlightenment
1550 - 1789

2.  The
Enlightenment
starts with the
Scientific
Revolution.
 People started to
question ideas
that had been
accepted as fact
for hundreds of
years.
Scientific
Revolution

3. … a new way of thinking
 Based on
observation.
 A willingness
to question
accepted
beliefs.
 Started in
Renaissance

4. The old way of thinking
believed…

5. All knowledge comes from..
 The Catholic
Church and
the Bible were
the source of
what was true
and false in the
world.

6. Also…..
 Ancient Greek &
Roman
philosophers,
such as Aristotle,
said what was
true about the
natural world.
 As long as it
didn’t contradict
the Bible.

7. It is the mark of an
educated mind to be able to
entertain a thought without
accepting it. - Aristotle

8. Ancient World
 Most scholars
believed that the Earth
was the center of the
solar system.
 All planets moved in a
perfect circle around
the Earth.
 The Sun rotated
around the Earth.

9. Scientific Revolution
 Was a new way of
looking at the natural
world.
 Traditional ideas were
found to be wrong
through observation,
experimenting and
theories.

10. Muslim World
 Muslim scholars had
made great advances
in science & math.
 The Age of
Exploration helped
Europeans learn
these advances, as
well as in astronomy
& physics.

11. Nicolaus
Copernicus
 In the early 1500’s, he
studied planetary
movement for 25
years.
 Copernicus, a Polish
cleric & astronomer
believed the
geocentric theory was
wrong.
 He proposed the
heliocentric
theory

12. Heliocentric
Theory
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 This theory states that
Mr. Healy is the
center of the solar
system.
 Copernicus studied
planetary motion and
disproved the
geocentric theory.
 He believed the
heliocentric theory
was true.
 It states that the sun is
the center solar
systems.

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17. Heliocentric
Theory
 Heliocentric theory states
that the sun is the center
of the solar system.
 Copernicus wrote a book
called On the Revolutions
of Heavenly Bodies.
 He did not publish the
book until he was on his
death bed.
 He feared persecution
from the Church

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20.  Copernicus knew the
Catholic Church
could torture or
execute him for his
findings.
 The Church used
torture and murder to
maintain power.
 His book was
published in 1543 as
he was dying.
 Johannes Kepler
proved his theories
mathematically.
Persecution

22.  In 1581, a 17 year old boy
proves that Aristotle's idea
that planets move in a
perfect circle was wrong.
 He watched a chandelier
in a Cathedral swing and
questioned it’s motion.
 He timed it’s movements
& developed the Law of
the Pendulum.
 Each swing of the
pendulum, no matter how
far, took the same time.
Galileo Galilei

23.  Aristotle said that
heavy objects fall
faster than lighter
objects.
 Galileo went to the
top of the Tower of
Pisa and dropped
stones of different
sizes.
 He proved that all
objects fall at the same
speed no matter what
their weight.
Galileo
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24.  Develop the
first practical
telescope.
 Discovered that
Jupiter has four
moons.
 These theories
contradicted
the Church
Galileo

27. The Church
 Galileo was in
conflict with
Church teachings.
 He presented the
ideas of
Copernicus and his
own theories.
 He was put on trial
by the Inquisition.

28. The Church
 He was found guilty of
heresy.
 Under the threat of
torture, he admitted
that his ideas were
wrong as were
Copernicus’s.
 He remained under
house arrest for the
rest of his life.

29. Scientific Method
 Logical procedure of
gathering information and
testing ideas.
 It starts with a problem
arising from observation.
 Next, a hypothesis or
theory is formed.
 From a hypothesis you
experiment and draw a
conclusion.

30. Descartes & Bacon
 Rene Descartes
developed analytical
geometry.
 Francis Bacon used
math to prove
theories of Galileo
and Copernicus.

31. Isaac Newton
 An English scientist
develop a single
theory of motion.
 He supported Kepler,
Copernicus, Galileo &
Descartes ideas of
motion.

32. Gravity
 He disproved Aristotle's
idea that one set of laws
govern earth and another
governs the heavens.
 He published a book
called “Mathematical
Principles of Natural
Philosophy.”
 The universe id like a
giant clock, all its parts
dependent.