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1.1.6 Positive and Negative
Feedback

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

1
• Living systems display the following 3
characteristics: functionality, sustainability,
evolution.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

2
• The way that living systems and even
inanimate systems self-regulate or maintain
homeostasis (the maintenance of a steady state
in an organism, ecosystem or biosphere) is
through feedback systems

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

3
Negative feedback systems
• Negative feedback systems include a sequence
of events that will cause an effect that is in the
opposite direction to the original stimulus and
thereby brings the system back to its
equilibrium position.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

4
Examples of Forrester’s “Causal Loop
Diagrams”
• This one illustrates a Balancing Loop or a
negative feedback loop.

•http://www.systems-thinking.org
5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

5
Positive feedback
• Positive feedback includes a sequence of
events that will cause a change in the same
direction as the stimulus and thereby augments
the change, moving the state of the system
even further from the equilibrium point.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

6
A Reinforcing Loop or a positive
feedback loop

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

7
James Lovelock
• “James Lovelock argues that such things as the level of
oxygen, the formation of clouds, and the saltiness of the oceans
may be controlled by interacting physical, chemical and
biological processes.
• He believes that "the self-regulation of climate and chemical
composition is a process that emerges from the rightly coupled
evolution of rocks, air and the ocean - in addition to that of
organisms.
• Such interlocking self-regulation, while rarely optimal consider the cold and hot places of the earth, the wet and the
dry - nevertheless keeps the Earth a place fit for life." The New
York Times Book Review has called his arguments in favor of
Gaia "plausible and above all illuminating."
5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

8
The following diagram depicts negative feedback when the
body temperature goes up above the set point

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

9
an example of the homeostatic control of blood
glucose levels through negative feedback using
insulin and glucagon.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

10
Negative feedback mechanisms in the
nervous system are depicted below.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

11
• Predator/prey relationships are usually controlled by
negative feedback where:
• The increase in prey-increase in predator-
decrease in prey decrease in predatorincrease in
prey---and so on in a cyclical manner. The classic
study in Northern Canada between the Lynx and the
hare populations is famous for its regular 11 year
cycle of rising and falling populations.

5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

12
5/13/2013

Author-Guru
IB/ESS

13

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1.1.6

  • 1. 1.1.6 Positive and Negative Feedback 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 1
  • 2. • Living systems display the following 3 characteristics: functionality, sustainability, evolution. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 2
  • 3. • The way that living systems and even inanimate systems self-regulate or maintain homeostasis (the maintenance of a steady state in an organism, ecosystem or biosphere) is through feedback systems 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 3
  • 4. Negative feedback systems • Negative feedback systems include a sequence of events that will cause an effect that is in the opposite direction to the original stimulus and thereby brings the system back to its equilibrium position. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 4
  • 5. Examples of Forrester’s “Causal Loop Diagrams” • This one illustrates a Balancing Loop or a negative feedback loop. •http://www.systems-thinking.org 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 5
  • 6. Positive feedback • Positive feedback includes a sequence of events that will cause a change in the same direction as the stimulus and thereby augments the change, moving the state of the system even further from the equilibrium point. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 6
  • 7. A Reinforcing Loop or a positive feedback loop 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 7
  • 8. James Lovelock • “James Lovelock argues that such things as the level of oxygen, the formation of clouds, and the saltiness of the oceans may be controlled by interacting physical, chemical and biological processes. • He believes that "the self-regulation of climate and chemical composition is a process that emerges from the rightly coupled evolution of rocks, air and the ocean - in addition to that of organisms. • Such interlocking self-regulation, while rarely optimal consider the cold and hot places of the earth, the wet and the dry - nevertheless keeps the Earth a place fit for life." The New York Times Book Review has called his arguments in favor of Gaia "plausible and above all illuminating." 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 8
  • 9. The following diagram depicts negative feedback when the body temperature goes up above the set point 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 9
  • 10. an example of the homeostatic control of blood glucose levels through negative feedback using insulin and glucagon. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 10
  • 11. Negative feedback mechanisms in the nervous system are depicted below. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 11
  • 12. • Predator/prey relationships are usually controlled by negative feedback where: • The increase in prey-increase in predator- decrease in prey decrease in predatorincrease in prey---and so on in a cyclical manner. The classic study in Northern Canada between the Lynx and the hare populations is famous for its regular 11 year cycle of rising and falling populations. 5/13/2013 Author-Guru IB/ESS 12