Reference for Sec3Express Biology students

1. Transport in Mammals Chapter 8 1

2. Lesson Objectives (a) State the functions of blood (b) List the different ABO blood groups & all possible combinations for the donor& recipient in blood transfusions. (c) Identify the main blood vessels to & from the heart, lungs, liver & kidney. (d) Relate the structure of arteries, veins & capillaries to their functions. (e) Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries & tissue fluid. (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (f) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 2

3. Transport in Mammals Introduction 3

4. Q. Can we depend on only diffusion and osmosis for the uptake of useful substances and the removal of waste products? 4

5. Think about this… Are all blood RED? 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. Skink 8

9. Haemoglobin, Hemocyanin & Hemovanabin 9

10. Are monkeys (our closest relative) blood cells the same as ours? 10

11. Animals and bacteria have cell surface antigens referred to as a blood type Antigens from the human ABO blood group system are also found in apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. 11

12. 12

13. Why do athletes train in high altitude places? 13

14. Think about this . . . A leech feeds on blood of other animals without causing blood clots. Why? 14

15. Think about this . . . Why Draculas are able to live for thousands of years? 15

16. Transport in Mammals Components of Transport System 16

17. Task: Create a flowchart of components of transport in mammals Pair work Blank papers provided Write your name, class, date Write Title: I used to think… 17

18. Q. What kind of transport systems have mammals developed? 18

19. Transport in Mammals Components of Blood 19

20. Study of Haemotology 20

21. 1. Can you identify the following blood disorder? Sickle Cell Anaemia 21

22. 2. Can you identify the following blood disorder? Haemophilia 22

23. 3. Can you identify the following blood disorder? Leukemia 23

24. 4. Can you identify the following blood disorder? Thalassemia 24

25. A. Components of Blood 25

26. A.1 What is blood made up of? Plasma (55%) Red Blood cells White blood cells Platelets 45% 26

27. A.1. State the functions of bloodComponents of Transport System 27

28. A.2 Think about this . . . . Is blood a tissue? Yes, it is fluid tissue Consists of blood cells and platelets 28

29. A.3 Plasma 29

30. A.3 How does plasma look like? Straw coloured liquid 90% water 30

31. A.4 What are the functions of plasma? Water Solvent for transporting substances Maintain constant body temperature Proteins Fibrinogen, prothrombin Involved in blood clotting Hormones Transported from endocrine glands to target organs 31

32. A.4 What are the functions of plasma? (II) Urea Metabolic waste Transported from liver to kidney for excretion Carbon dioxide From all tissues to lungs Present as bicarbonate ions Dissolved nutrients From small intestine to all tissues 32

33. A.5 Red blood cells 33

34. A.5 How does a red blood cell / erythrocyte look like? 34

35. A.5 What is the function of red blood cells? Contains haemoglobin (Hb) that transports oxygen Haemoglobin (purplish red) + Oxygen Lungs Tissue Oxyhaemoglobin (bright red) (unstable compound) 35

36. A.5 How are RBC adapted for their function? 36

37. Q. Where are RBC formed? Bone Marrow (Ribs) 37

38. Q. How are bone marrow biopsy done? 38

39. A.5. What are some characteristics of RBC? Life span ~ 120 days Once dead, broken down in spleen and liver Replacement rate ~ 2 500 000 RBC / s 39

40. A.5 Think about this . . . . Male ~ 5.4 million RBC per mm3 of blood Female ~ 4.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood Why does an average male have more RBC per mm3 of blood? 40

41. 41

42. 42

43. Think about this . . . . What is carbon monoxide poisoning? 43

44. Q. What is carbon monoxide poisoning? Haemoglobin + Carbon Monoxide Carboxyhaemoglobin (very stable compound) 44

45. A.6 White blood cells 45

46. A.6 How does a white blood cell / leucocyte look like? 46

47. A.6 What is the function of white blood cells? Defend body against diseases 47

48. A.6 How are WBC adapted for their function? 48

49. A.6 Where are lymphocytes formed? Lymph nodes 49

50. A.6 What is the difference between lymphocytes and phagocytes? White Blood Cells Lymphocyte Phagocyte Monocyte Polymorph 50

51. Think about this . . . . The white blood cell count of someone who has a fever is higher than that of a normal person. Why? 51

52. A.7 Platelets 52

53. A.7 How do platelets look like? 53

54. A.7 What is the function of platelets? Involved in the formation of blood clots Form a temporary plug at cut or wound Prevent excessive loss of blood Prevent entry of bacteria 54

55. A.7 How are blood clots formed? Damaged tissues release thrombokinase Thrombokinase + Calcium ions Prothrombin Thrombin Thrombin + Vitamin K Insoluble fibrin threads Fibrinogen 55

56. Think about this . . . . Why doesn’t the blood in your body clot even though platelets are present? 56

57. A.7 Why doesn’t the blood in your body clot even though platelets are present? Heparin – an anticoagulant Produced in liver Present in undamaged cells 57

58. A.7 Think about this . . . A leech feeds on blood of other animals without causing blood clots. Why? 58

59. A.7 What is leech therapy? What is leech therapy? 59

60. A.7 Think about this . . . . In the case of organ transplants, it is very important that the recipient’s body accepts the donor’s organ. How do doctors reduce the risk of tissue rejection during organ transplants? 60

61. A.7 Think about this . . . . In Singapore, TV actress Andrea de Cruz narrowly escaped death after taking diet pills called Slim 10. She underwent an emergency liver transplant in May 2002, after her boyfriend, actor Pierre Png, donated half his own liver. Is it possible to have successful organ transplants even though the donor and recipient may not be genetically related? 61

62. In Summary… BLOOD 62

63. A.7 What are the functions of blood? 63

64. A. What are the differences between RBC, WBC and platelets? 64

65. B. Blood group classification 65

66. B.1 Blood group classification ABO blood groups A, B, AB, O blood groups Rhesus / Rh factor classification Rh positive or Rh negative 66

67. Q. Why are blood groups named as ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘AB’ or ‘O’? 67

68. Human Blood Groups 68

69. B.2 Blood tranfusions Recipient’s plasma must not contain antibodies that will react with antigen donor’s blood cells 69

70. Q. What happens when an A+ donates blood to a B+? 70

71. . Blood transfusions Who can receive blood from whom? Can receive blood from Can give blood to Antibodies Antigens Blood group A and O A and AB b A A B and O B and AB a B B AB, A, B, O AB none A and B AB O AB, A, B, O a and b none O 71

72. B.3 Universal Donor vs Universal Recipient 72

73. B.4 What is meant by the Rhesus Factor? Protein found on surface of RBC Presence of protein  Rh positive Absence of protein  Rh negative 73

74. C. Major Blood Vessels 74

75. Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Vena cava Aorta Hepatic artery Hepatic vein Renal vein Renal artery 75

76. C. Types of Blood Vessels 76

77. Q. What are Blood vessels? System of tubes through which blood flows in the body Three types of blood vessels : Arteries Capillaries Veins Total length of blood vessels  160 000 km 77

78. Types of Blood Vessels 3.5, 78

79. 79

80. C.1 ARTERY 80

81. Artery 81

82. Artery Connective Tissue Smooth muscle Lumen Wavy elastic band Endothelium 82

83. Arteries 83

84. C.2 VEIN 84

85. Vein Connective Tissue Smooth muscle Lumen Endothelium 85

86. Vein 86 86

87. Valves 87

88. Exercising helps blood to flow! 88

89. C.3 Capillary 89

90. Capillary Where exchange of materials take place between blood and tissues/cells Branch repeatedly and found between cells of almost all tissues (why?) Consists if a thin layer of flattened (why?) endothelial cells which are selectively permeable 90

91. Capillary 91

92. Capillary 92

93. Differences between Blood Vessels 93

94. How are the 3 blood vessels linked? 94

95. E. Transfer of materials between capillaries and fluid 95

96. Q. What is the relationship between capillaries, cells and lymph vessels? Capillaries contain blood Spaces between cells contain tissue fluid Lymph vessels contain lymph 96

97. NOT IN NOTES-Describe the transfer of substances between capillaries and tissue fluid Read TB pages 164-165 Questions to discuss What is interstitial fluid? How is tissue fluid formed? Why is the interstitial fluid needed? What is carried at the arterial end of the capillary? What does the venous end of the capillary contain? Look at the picture given. What is the difference between the net pressure at the arterial and venous end? Why is this important? 97

98. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Blood plasma Appearance : Straw coloured liquid Location : Liquid part of blood in blood vessels Composition : Plasma, plasma proteins 98

99. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Tissue fluid Appearance : Colourless, watery liquid Location : Surrounds all cells of body and fills the spaces between them Composition : Same as blood plasma but no plasma proteins 99

100. Q. What are the differences between blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph Lymph Appearance : Colourless, watery liquid Location : Lymphatic capillaries Composition : More waste products and lessfood substances than tissue fluid 100

101. Transport in Mammals (II) 101

102. F. Structure of heart 102

103. Lesson Objectives (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (g) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 103

104. Q. What is the function of the heart? Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body 104

105. Q. Where is your heart located? 105

106. Q. How does the heart look like? 106

107. Q. How is the heart protected? Muscles of chest walls Rib cage Sternum Diaphragm Pericardium 107

108. Q. Can the heart develop outside the body? 108

109. F.1 External Structure of the Mammalian Heart 109

110. 8) Aortic Arch 7) Pulmonary artery 6) Vena cava 3) Left Atrium 4) Right Atrium 2) Left Ventricle 5) Right Ventricle 1) Apex 110

111. F.2 Internal Structure of the Mammalian Heart 111

112. 11 6) Superior vena cava 10) Aorta 8) Pulmonary artery 1 5 5 9) Pulmonary vein 6 6 13) Semi-lunar valves 7 2) Left atrium 4 10 3) Right atrium 12) Bicuspid valve 9 2 8 11) Tricuspid valve 1) Left ventricle 3 7)Inferior vena cava 1 5) Septum 4) Right ventricle 11 112

113. 113

114. F.3 Flow of blood in the heart Left side of the heart Right side of the heart Lungs Organ All parts of the body Pulmonary vein Blood vessel Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Left atrium Chamber Right atrium Bicuspid valve Valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Chamber Right ventricle Semilunar valve Valve Semilunar valve Aorta Blood vessel Pulmonary artery All parts of the body Organ Lungs 114

115. Q. In one complete circulation, how many times does blood pass through the heart? Pulmonary circulation Blood circulation to and from the lungs Systemic circulation Blood circulation to and from all other parts of the body DOUBLE CIRCULATION in birds and mammals 115

116. 3) Oxygenated blood at low pressure 2) Deoxygenated blood at high pressure Pulomonary Circulation 4) Oxygenated blood at high pressure 1) Deoxygenated blood at low pressure Systemic Circulation 116

117. F.4 What is the function of the atria? Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein 117

118. F.4 What is the function of the ventricles? Right ventricle Pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery Left ventricle Pumps blood to all parts of the body (except the lungs) via the aorta 118

119. Why is there a need for this difference? Q. How do the atria walls differ from ventricle walls? 119

120. F.4 What is the function of the vena cava? Superior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from the head and upper limbs to the heart Inferior vena cava Returns deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and organs to the heart 120

121. F.4 What is the function of the pulmonary artery/vein? Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart 121

122. F.4 What is the function of the aorta? Aorta Carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs 122

123. F.5 What is the function of the atrioventricular valves? Tricuspid valve (Right) Prevents backflow of blood to the right atrium when the right ventriclecontracts Bicuspid valve (Left) Prevents backflow of blood to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts 123

124. F.5 What is the function of the semilunar valves? Pulmonary valve Prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle when the right ventricle relaxes Aortic valve Prevent backflow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the left ventricle when the left ventricle relaxes 124

125. F.5 How do heart valves look like? 125

126. x 126

127. F.5 Where are the heart valves located? 127

128. 128

129. Q. Have you heard of “tugging at one’s heart strings”? Chordae tendineae Attached to walls of ventricles Prevent flaps of valve from being flapping back into the atrium when ventricles contract 129

130. F.6 How does the chordae tendineaelook like? 130

131. 131

132. 132

133. F. Cardiac Cycle 133

135. Right atrium receives blood from the vena cava (both superior and inferior vena cava)

136. Left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein.1 pulmonary vein 1 left atrium vena cava left ventricle right atrium right ventricle 2 3 134

138. Atria contract, blood is pumped into the ventricles

139. Tricuspid and bicuspid valves are forced open.3 1 2 2 left ventricle right ventricle 135

142. Blood flows from ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta.1 2 aortic arch 3 3 bicuspid valve pulmonary arch tricuspid valve 136

144. Heart sounds… Lub dub …. Lub dub 138

145. F.1 What causes heart sounds? Opening and closing of valves ‘Lub’ Sound Closing of bicuspid and tricuspid valves ‘Dub’ Sound Closing of semilunar valves 139

146. F.2 What happens when your valves don’t function properly? Heart murmurs 140

147. F. Blood Pressure 141

148. Q. What is blood pressure? Force that blood exerts on walls of blood vessels as a result of the contraction and relaxation of the heart Highest in the aorta, lowest in the veins Higher during ventricular contraction and lower during relaxation 142

149. Q. How is blood pressure measured? Measured using a sphygmomanometer Reading 120/80 (120-systole, 80-diastole) 143

150. Q. What happens if a person has high blood pressure? Pressures above 140/90 Causes the walls of the arterioles to thicken, narrowing the lumen and reducing supply of oxygen to the tissues Higher risk of arteriole ballooning out and possibly bursting 144

151. Blood pressure graph Capillaries Venules Small veins Large veins Vena cava Large veins Small veins Vena cava Capillaries Venules Arterioles Small arteries Small arteries Large arteries Arterioles Aorta Large arteries Aorta 145

152. Heart pressure graph Refer to your worksheet … 146

154. Predict the sequence of events in the heart.147

156. When Atria P > Ventricle P

157. Atrial Systole occurs: Tricuspid / Bicuspid valves open to allow blood flow from atria  ventricles

158. Ventricle pressure rises above atrium pressure.

159. Ventricle P > Atria P

160. Ventricular Systole occurs & resulting in 2 events:At Point 1: Tricuspid & Biscuspid closes (2) At Point 2: Semi-lunar valves open 148

161. Point 1 & 2 To allow blood flow into aorta & pulmonary artery Tri/Biscuspid closes Aortic semi-lunar valves open To prevent backflow from ventricle back into atrium

163. Aorta P > Ventricle P

164. Blood backflows from Aorta / pulmonary artery  ventricles

165. Aortic SL valves close

166. Ventricle pressure falls sharply

167. Ventricle undergoing ventricular DIASTOLEAortic SL valves close 150

169. Atria P > Ventricle P

171. 2. Aortic semi-lunar valves open 1. To prevent backflow from ventricle back into atrium 3. Aortic SL valves close 2. To allow blood flow into aorta & pulmonary artery 4. Bicuspid valves open 1. Tri/Biscuspidcloses 152

172. H. Heart Diseases 153

173. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) 154

174. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart. Blocked Coronary Arteries HEART ATTACK 155

175. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the deposition of fatty substances on the INNER surfaces of the coronary arteries. Lumen Blood pressure 156

176. Thrombosis Blood clots form easily in the narrow lumen. The blood clot is known as a thrombosis. 157

177. Coronary Heart Disease Arteriosclerosis Hardened / thickened artery walls Fat deposits Blood clots can occur 158

179. Carbon monoxide increases fatty depositsExercise 159

180. Summary Q. What have we learned?

181. Lesson Objectives (a) State the functions of blood (b) List the different ABO blood groups & all possible combinations for the donor& recipient in blood transfusions. (c) Identify the main blood vessels to & from the heart, lungs, liver & kidney. (d) Relate the structure of arteries, veins & capillaries to their functions. (e) Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries & tissue fluid. (f) Describe the structure& function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of valves. (f) Outline the cardiac cycle in terms of what happens during systole and diastole. (Histology of the heart muscle, names of nerves and transmitter substances are not required). (h) Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the occlusion of coronary arteries and list the possible causes, such as diet, stress and smoking, stating the possible preventative measures. 161

182. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN MAMMALS consists of Lymphatic System Blood Circulatory System consists of Blood Blood vessels Failure/ malfuction Arteries Venules Capillaries Arterioles Veins Heart Heart diseases is divided into chambers join up to form branch into branch into join up to form Consists of: • Red blood cells • White blood cells • Platelets • Plasma Ventricles Atria right left right left Circulates from: • Heart to lungs and back (pulmonary circulation) • Heart to the rest of the body and back (systemic circulation) pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body receives oxygenated blood from the lungs 162

183. Mechanism of Blood Clotting The clotting process can be summarised in the three reactions shown below: produce Damaged tissue and platelets Thrombokinase (enzyme) 1 Thrombin (active) thrombokinase and calcium ions Prothrombin (inactive) 2 thrombin Insoluble fibrin threads form a mesh to trap blood cells Fibrinogen 3