2. Genre
French Word
means ‘kind’ or ‘sort
Latin Word – Genus
a loose set of criteria for a category of
composition
3. Genre
A vague categories with no fixed
boundaries. It is sometimes confined
to art and culture, literature
particularly.
In genre, works are recognized as
either reflecting on or participating in
the conventions of genre.
Genres are not fixed. They change
over time, reflecting changes in
society.
4. Genre
It allows teacher to :
Collect real samples of appropriate texts
Design activities to foster understanding of
the genre
Draw attention to key vocabulary and
grammatical structures associated with that
genre
Demonstrate to the students how these
interact with the who, what, where, when,
how, and why of the text in terms of situation
and context, allowing relationship between
culture and language to be directly
addressed.
5. Descriptive Text
A descriptive text is a text which lists
the characteristics of something.
Type of Descriptive Text
Autobiography, magazine (car
magazine, fashion magazine, etc)
6. Purpose / Social Function
To describe a particular person, place
or thing
7. Generic Structure
Identification
Identify phenomenon to be described.
Introduction where or who is the subject
being
described.
Description
Describe
parts, qualities, characteristics, appearance
, use, habit.
The supporting part of the paragraph to
describe in detail to assist the reader to ‘
see’ and ‘ feel ‘ the subject.
8. Language Feature
Focus on specific participants
The use of adjectives and compound
adjectives
Debby is brown – skinned
Debby looks attractive and beautiful
The use of linking verbs
She always appears young
John is a model from Jakarta
The use of Simple Present Tense
The use of Degree of comparison
9. Procedure
A factual piece of writing that instructs
the reader how to do something.
Examples of a procedure :
Recipes, sets of instructions, manuals,
directions, science experiment, rules
of games.
10. Purpose / Social Function
To describe (or instruct) how
something is done through a series of
sequences and steps
11. Generic Structure
Statement of goal
Title of an introductory paragraph
The final goal of doing instruction
List of materials
Needed for doing the procedure which may be a list or
a paragraph
Ingredients, utensils, materials to do the instruction
Sequence of steps
In the order they need to be done which may use
number
A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose
It uses words such as now, next and after this. Each
step usually begins with a command such as add, stir or
push.
12. Language Feature
Written in the imperative
Sift the flour
In chronological order
First, next
Use of number, alphabet or bullet
points and color to signal order
Focus on the generalized human
agents rather than named individuals
14. Purpose / Social Function
To amuse or entertain the reader /
listener with actual or imaginary
experience in different ways. Narrative
always deal with some problems
which lead to the climax and then turn
into the solution to the problems.
15. Generic Structure
Orientation
Introduction of setting and characters
Complication
A problem arises followed by other problems
Evaluation
Reaction to the complication
Resolution
Solution to the complication are found
Coda (optional)
Message to the reader
16. Language Feature
The use of dialogues
The use of Simple Past Tense
The use of :
◦ Action Verbs : walk, sleep, wake up
◦ Saying Verbs : say, tell, ask
◦ Thinking Verbs : think, assume, decide
◦ Feeling Verbs : feel
◦ Verbs of senses : smell, taste, hear
The use of adverbial phrase of time and place
in the garden, two days ago
The use of connectives
first, before that, then, finally
The use of noun phrase
17. Recount Text
A Recount is the reconstruction of past
experience. It is the use of language
to share a past experience and to
interpret it.
18. Purpose / Social Function
Expressions of attitude and feeling –
made by the narrator about the
events.
To retell and document a series of
past events, experiences or
achievements, and evaluate their
significance in some ways.
19. Generic Structure
Orientation
Sets time, place and participants. Provides
information about 'who', 'where' and when'
Events
A record of events, usually in temporal
sequence (chronological order).
Evaluative Remarks
These are interspersed throughout the record
of events. / evaluate the events.
Re-orientation (Optional)
rounds off the sequence of events. May end
with personal comment or return to the
present.
20. Language Features
Focus on specific or individual participants
(e.g. our dog, Mrs Jones)
Focus on temporal sequence of events
(e.g.then, On Monday, next, later)
Use of past tense to locate events in relation
to speaker’s or writer’s time
(e.g. she smiled, it barked, he ran)
Use of nouns and pronouns to identify
people, animals or things involved
Use of adjectives to describe nouns
Use of adverbs or adverbial phrases to
indicate place and time.
21. Report
Report is a text which presents
information about something, as it is.
It is as a result of systematic
observation and analysis
22. Purpose / Social Function
To describe they way things are. The
things must be a representative of
their class.
23. Generic Structure
1. General classification
Introduces the topic of the report
Stating classification of general aspect of
thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which
will be discussed in general
2. Description
Describing the thing which will be discussed
in detail; part per part , customs or deed for
living creature and usage for materials
Tell the shape / form, parts, behavior, habitat,
way of survival
24. Language Feature
Introducing group or general aspect
Sparrows in general, not Sam the sparrow.
Using simple present tense
They nest
Using conditional logical connection
when, so, etc
Non Chronological
25. News Items
A text which informs readers about
events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.
26. Purpose / Social Function
to inform readers about events of the
day which are considered newsworthy
or important
27. Generic Structure
Newsworthy event
Main Event
Recounts the event in the summary form
Background event
It is an elaboration of what happened, to
whom, in what circumstances
(background, participant, time, place)
Resource of information
Comments by the participants in witnesses to
and authorities expert on the event
28. Language Feature
Information on the use of headlines
The use of action verbs
hit, attack, jolt
The use of saying verbs
said, added, claimed
The use of passive sentences
The victim was hit by Tsunami in 2004
29. Spoof
A text which tells factual
story, happened in the past time with
unpredictable and funny ending.
30. Purpose / Social Function
To entertain and share the story
To tell an event with humorous twist
31. Generic Structure
Orientation
Who were involved in a story, when,
and where
Events
Tell what happened in chronological
order
Twist
Provide the funniest part in the story
32. Language Feature
Focusing on people, animals or certain
things
The use of simple past tense
The use of action verbs
ate, ran, walked, laughed
The use of connective
first, then, finally
The use of adverbial phrases of time and
place
in the park, a week ago
Told in a chronological order
33. Explanation Text
A text which tells processes relating to
forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena.
Explanation text is to say 'why' and
'how' of the forming of the
phenomena.
It is often found in science, geography
and history text books.
34. Purpose / Social Function
To explain the processes involved in
the information and working of natural
or socio-cultural phenomena
35. Generic Structure
General Statement
Positioning the reader
Stating the phenomenon issues which are to
be explained
Sequenced Explanation
Stating a series of steps which explain the
phenomena
Closing
36. Language Feature
Featuring generic, non human
participants
sun, rain, etc
The use of general and abstract noun
The use of action verbs
The use of passive voice
The use of simple present tense
The use of conjunction of time and
cause
The use of technical language
37. Analytical Exposition
A text that elaborates the writer‘s idea
about the phenomenon surrounding.
Types of analytical exposition text
Newspaper editorials, debates,
speeches
38. Purpose / Social Function
Its social function is to persuade the
reader that the idea is important
matter.
39. Generic Structure
Thesis
Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position /
opinion. The writer also outlines the main arguments
to be presented. ( Issue of concern)
Argument
Arguments for and against the main points outlined in
thesis in a series of statement that supports the
writer’s point of view. (Reasons)
Each argument stage consists of a ‘point and
elaboration’ . In the elaboration, the argument is
supported by evidence
Reiteration
The final stage restates the writer’s point of view.
40. Language Feature
The use of emotive words
alarmed, worried, disappointed
Words that qualify arguments
firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
The use of simple present tense
The use of compound and complex
sentence
41. Hortatory Expression
A text which represent the attempt of
the writer to have the addressee do
something or act in certain way.
42. Purpose / Social Function
To persuade the readers / listeners
that something should be / should not
be done in the case
43. Generic Structure
Thesis
Issue of concern
The writer’s opinion
Arguments
Reasons
Recommendation
Stating what should be / should not be done
44. Language Feature
Focusing on the writer
The use of emotive words
alarmed, worried, disappointed
Words that qualify argument
firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
The use of present tense
The use of compound and complex sentence
The use of modal and adverbs
can, may, certainly, surely
The use of subjective opinion using pronoun
I, we
The use of passive voice
45. Discussion
A text which present a problematic
discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints.
It is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text.
46. Purpose / Social Function
To present information and opinions
about more than one side of an issue
47. Generic Structure
Statement of issue
Stating the issue which is to discussed
Presenting the issue
List of supporting points
presenting the point in in supporting the presented
issue
List of contrastive point
presenting other points which disagree to the
supporting point
Recommendation
stating the writer' s recommendation of the discourse
A conclusion
48. Language Feature
Introducing category or generic participant
Using relating verbs
is, are, etc
Using thinking verb
feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal
connection
similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities
must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner
deliberately, hopefully, etc
49. Review
A criticize or evaluation of an art work
or event for a public audience
50. Purpose / Social Function
To summarize, analyze, and respond
to art works
To criticize an art work or event for
public
51. Generic Structure
Orientation
Background information on the text
Interpretative Recount
Summary of an art work
Including characters and plot
Evaluation
Concluding statement, judgment, opinion or
recommendation
Evaluative Summation
The last opinion consisting of the appraisal of
the art work being reviewed.
52. Language Feature
Focus on specific participants
Using adjectives
Using long and complex clauses
Using metaphor