- Micaela Angela Carillo was a widowed mother and landowner in mid-1700s Mexico who worked hard to support her family and become financially successful after her husband's death. Through her pulque business and owning over 1,000 pesos worth of land and maguey plants, she provided for her children and left an inheritance for her daughter upon her passing. Her son Esteban unsuccessfully contested her will in court.

1. Struggle & Survival in Colonial America Katelyn Gauthier

2. Diego Vasicuio Who? Diego Vasicuio – native priest What? Accused of heresy Where? Salmanca in Southern Peru When? 1671

3. Diego Vasicuio Tried by Father de Prado for heresy; accused by Catalina Paicaua Served in mita which was associated with harsh working conditions in comparison to the “volunteer” jobs. Some Indians were even known to mutilate male infants in hopes that they would be exempt from mita Served as chief priest for his god, Sorimana Held sacred his stone, guaca An increasing number of his fellow tribe members participated in his secretly held ceremonies In fear of harsh punishment by Father de Prado, Diego surrendered his sacred guaca One by one, over twenty guacas were handed over It is believed that Diego kept guacas hidden and later continued leading his ceremonies in secret

4. Damianada Cunha Who? Damianada Cunha – Caiapo granddaughter of Angrai-oxa and Xiunequa What? Damiana was revered for her loyalty to both her tribe and the Portuguese Where? Sao Jose in Brazil When? 1800 – 1831

5. Damianada Cunha The relationship between the Caiapo tribe in Brazil and the Portuguese settlers began in 1780 when soldier, Jose Luis Pereira, “breathed peace and protection to the Indians,” and presented tools and European goods as gifts Led by Romexi, a group of Caiapo made an expedition in 1780 to verify European promises of protection in exchange for the ceasing of hostility The Caiapo group was welcomed in a village called Sao Jose de Mossamedes. Romexi was said to be so comfortable that he didn’t want to leave and actually turned around in the middle of his journey, claiming he was too old and tired to go on In 1781, a group of over two hundred Caiapo , led by chief Angrai-Oxa, made their way to the capital. 113 Caiapo children were baptized, including Goias, or as she will later be called - Damiana Damiana was first taken as a hostage to live in the household of Portuguese governor Luis da Cunha Menezes where she was treated nicely and may have even been able to attend school Even after the governor returned to Portugal, Damiana remained and was soon joined by 700 Caiapo! By 1813 the population had was reduced from disease to only 267 The “domesticated” Caiapo that resided in Sao Jose began to dislike their conditions, complaining of harsh supervisors, poor working conditions, and a brutal labor The Caiapos that lived in Sao Jose were allowed two days per week to attend to personal matter in the home such as hunting and fishing for food, taking care of gardens, etcetera, but by the 1820’s, there was no more access to hunting and fishing making the Caiapos dependent on their lives with the Portuguese Many of the Caiapos fled back to their villages Damiana, on the other hand, was quite different and was treated quite different than the people of her tribe Damiana spoke Portuguese fluently, was a true believer in Christianity, married a Brazilian civilian , and altogether impressed the Europeans with her intelliegence and sophistication. Damiana used her skills to lead several expeditions of Caiapo people to Sao Jose: 1808: journeyed to the sertado, and returned with her 70 Caiapo 1819: journeyed to back to the sertado for three months and returned with 70 more Caiapo who were soon baptized 1821: returned with a great number of people 1827: journeyed to Campaua River for seven months and returned with 100 Caiapo and two chiefs; all were baptized 1829: journeyed for nine months to an unhealthy region in Araguaya where she fell ill from hunger and fever. A month after she returned to her village, Damiana died around February or March of 1831

6. Cristobal Bequer Who? CritobalBequer – prebend; descendent of relatively high esteemed father and grandfather who both worked under the crown What? Was under constant scrutiny for his peculiar behavior as a prebend Where? Lima When? 1693 - 1753

7. Cristobal Bequer After accusation of murder, Cristobal fled with his brother, Pedro to a monastery in Lima in 1714 They fled yet again into the mountains; Cristobal emerged again after his brother’s death shortly after Despite having no qualifying intellectual or spiritual background, Cristobal somehow managed to be accepted into the priesthood Cristobal couldn’t hide his true self for long. He was quickly accused of being “perverse and vicious,” “gruff and violent,” and was said to have shown “depraved and vicious inclinations” He some how managed to continue moving up in the priesthood, and once even complained of his salary It wasn’t uncommon for the sins of religious officials to be overlooked, but soon Cistobal’s peculiar tendencies drew public attention He was finally tried for misconduct involving women on several accounts, accused of going as far as to chase and stalk them Cristobal managed to drag the court process on so long through several clever tactics that he eventually died while being held in San Francisco before being found guilty

8. Beatrice de Padilla Who? Beatrice de Padilla Female 30 years old Former slave What? Beatrice accused of murdering one of her lovers and driving the other one to madness Where? Small town in Western New Spain called Lagos When? 1650

9. Beatrice de Padilla Beatrice, whose mother was a slave and whose father was descendant of highly esteemed family in Guadalajara, was granted freedom and took up a position as a housekeeper in the home of Juchipila mayor don Diego de las Marinas During her employment with don Diego de las Marinas, she became romantically involved with the mayor and bore two children Beatrice also had a son with priest, Diego Ortiz Saavedra, and a daughter with a man named Hernando Lopez It was said that Diego Ortiz, who she’d been involved with for eight years was the one she truly love, but in 1650 Beatrice was accused of poisoning Diego Ortiz Saavedra and driving Diego de las Marinas to madness by use of witchcraft Throughout the trail, Beatrice outlined her life with Diego Ortiz Beatrice had first lived with Diego de la Marinas in Nochistlan Diego Ortiz made his relationship with her public and took her to live with him about two leagues from Lagos While on trial, witnesses claimed Beatrice had driven Diego Ortiz to idiocy before finally poisoning his bath; however, claims of this didn’t make sense, and it had turned out the witnesses were biased One witness was a slave by the name of Catalina la Garay, who belonged to Beatrice. Both Beatrice and Catalina admitted that Beatrice was violent against her. Presumably Catalina would have been resentful toward Beatrice. The other witnesses were family members of Diego Ortiz. From the beginning of his relationship with Beatrice, the family had been jealous in fear that he would leave all of his estate to her one day. It seemed that they had always had the intention of conspiring against her. In the end , Beatrice was acquitted and returned to her home town

10. Catarina de Monte Sinay Who? Catarina de Monte Sinay Female Nun What? As a devout nun, Catarina lay on her death bed recalling her life as she waited to be read her last will Where? Brazil When? 1758

11. Catarina de Monte Sinay Like her three sisters, Catarina joined the nunnery Catarina attended Desterro Convent, the only convent in Brazil, for six years Addition of the convent greatly improved the city of Bahia, but began to decline along with the sugar cane industry in the early 18th century Despite drought, floods, and epidemics, Catarina such disasters as worldly problems Became “Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay” in 1696 Dedicated her life to being a “bride of Christ” Catarina looked up to Madre Victoria for inspiration Victoria was rumored to have resisted joining the convent initially until a dream, followed by a vision of hell convinced her otherwise Victoria was renowned for her humility Victoria was said to whip and violently beat herself with whips in consequence of sinful nature, but would cover up in order to avoid being taken pity upon Victoria was even said to have the ability to perform miracles After witnessing the life of her brother’s wife, who was often beaten and abused by her husband, Catarina became that much more thankful for her life in the convent She was said to have been very skillful in business and financial dealings: Owned five residential buildings Thrived in the business of making and selling sweets one thing Upon her deathbed, Catarina reflected upon her will: She would give each sister a slave and the income from a house, Everything that her sisters left upon their deaths would be given back to the convent 200,000 reis would be given to her oldest slave Catarina did feel very guilty about was her recognition of her own intelligence, and the fact that she dealt with and loaned out money. She wondered if with these sins, she would still be able to receive salvation Catarina finally passed away in August of 1758

12. Micaela Angela Carillo Who? Micaela Angela Carillo A widowed woman, mother, and landowner What? Despite near destitution upon the death of her husband, Micaela works hard to become a well to do landowner Where? Nuestra Senora de Asuncion Amozoque When? Mid 1700s

13. Micaela Angela Carillo Born daughter of Spaniard, Diego Carillo and Indian mother, Maria Gutierrez Bore five children, the oldest being Esteban de luna, and the youngest, Maria Antonia Carrillo She remained close with her brother and two sisters; they lived near each other and lent and borrowed money from one another After the death of her husband, Juan Tapia, widowed Micaela had to fend for herself and her children. In addition to her brother and brother in law, Micaela also managed to make friends with wealthy men which she’d ask to be godfathers of her children Micaela began making a desirable drink called pulque which was derived from the maguey plant The maguey plant thrived in all kinds of weather but took 8 to 15 years to mature, so Micaela would rent mature maguey plants from other people’s land Her pulque business went so well that she managed to own her own land She eventually owned over five pieces of land and 1,000 pesos worth of property As early as 1751, Micaela began to divide the land that would one day be inherited by her children By 1756 she lived with her youngest daughter, Maria, who had left her abusive husband Together they owned 229 maguey plants which was said to be far more than the average peasant Micaela would often times have to lend money to her son, Esteban as he was supposedly to ill to continue his blacksmith job and had no means of supporting his wife and many children Despite heavy financial contributions from his mother, Esteban hardly saw Micaela By Macaela’s death, all the entirety of her inheritance was to go to Maria Angered by this , Esteban took Maria to court. His initial victory lasted only until Maria repealed. Her witnesses included nieces and nephews of her other brother as well as many esteemed Spaniards, and this time, she won The only sharers of the inheritance was to be the niece and nephew of her dead brother, but they declined saying that both their brother and uncle both received more than enough financial aid from their mother